Paranotoreas fulva

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Paranotoreas fulva
Paranotoreas fulva female.jpg
Female
Paranotoreas fulva male.jpg
Male
Status NZTCS REL.svg
Relict (NZ TCS)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Geometridae
Genus: Paranotoreas
Species:
P. fulva
Binomial name
Paranotoreas fulva
(Hudson, 1905) [1]
Synonyms [2]
  • Lythria fulvaHudson, 1905
  • Notoreas fulva(Hudson, 1905)

Paranotoreas fulva is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the southern half of the South Island. The preferred habitat of this species are the salt pans of Otago, the mountainous grassland areas in South Canterbury and Otago and the glacial outwash terraces south of Tekapo. The larvae feed on Atriplex buchananii and Plantago coronopus. Adults are day flying and have been recorded as being on the wing in March, October and December. P. fulva is classified as "At Risk, Relict" by the Department of Conservation.

Contents

Taxonomy

This species was first described and illustrated by George Vernon Hudson in 1905 and was given the name Lythria fulva. [1] Hudson used a specimen collected at about 3500 ft at Wedderburn, Central Otago by J. H. Lewis. [3] [2] Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in his 1928 book The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand under the name Notoreas fulva. [4] [2] In 1986 Robin C. Craw proposed placing this species within the genus Paranotoreas. [5] The lectotype specimen, collected at Wedderburn, is held at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [2]

Description

Illustration by George Hudson. Fig 7 MA I437614 TePapa Plate-XV-The-butterflies full (cropped).jpg
Illustration by George Hudson.

Hudson described the species as follows:

The expansion of the wings is 3⁄4in. The fore wings are dull grey-ish brown, greenish-tinged. There is a wavy darker band near the base ; a broad median band with a strong rounded projection towards the terman above middle ; a dull greenish band on termen preceded by row of pale dots on veins, cilia grey with blackish bars. The hind wings are dull reddish-ochreous. There are three very obscure blackish transverse lines. The cilia are grey, faintly barred with darker. [3]

This species varies in depth of colouring on its fore and hind wings with some female specimens being extremely pale and having forewings that are coloured reddish-ochreous. [4]

Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand. [6] As well as the type locality, this species has also been found in Alexandra. [4] P. fulva also occurs in the Manorburn Ecological District, [7] as well as at Pisa Flats, Chapman Road Scientific Reserve, Springvale Junction, Moa Creek and other sites in Otago [8] and South Canterbury. [9]

Life cycle and behaviour

Observation of live P. fulva. Paranotoreas fulva 106924705.jpg
Observation of live P. fulva.

The adults of this species are day flying. [9] Adults have been recorded on the wing in March, October and December. [4] [10] They are known to sunbath on the bare salt pan soil of their favoured habitat. [11]

Habitat and host species

Atriplex buchananii, larval host species of P. fulva. Atriplex buchananii 30173330.jpg
Atriplex buchananii, larval host species of P. fulva.

This species occurs in the salt pans of Otago, [8] [12] as well as at tussock grassland areas of montane South Canterbury. [9] [13] This species has also been collected on glacial outwash terraces south of Tekapo. [14] Atriplex buchananii and Plantago coronopus have been recorded as the larval host plants of this species. [15] Larvae of P. fulva have been reared on Stellaria gracilenta and species in the genera Crepis and Hieracium. [15]

Conservation status

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict". [16] This species is under threat as a result of loss of habitat upon which it relies. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Cephalissa</i> Genus of moths

Cephalissa is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae. Its only species, Cephalissa siria, the orange triangle moth, is endemic to New Zealand. This species has been classified as nationally vulnerable by the Department of Conservation. It has suffered a contraction of its range, no longer being seen in Dunedin or Invercargill. It is currently found in the Mt Watkin Scenic Reserve, in eastern Otago, in the Rongahere Gorge and in the Dansey Ecological District. C. siria is known to inhabit kahikatea forest amongst Carex species as well as short tussock grasslands and shrubland. The larval host plant is Fuchsia perscandens. Adult moths are on the wing in October and November.

<i>Glyphipterix euastera</i> Species of moth

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<i>Ichneutica blenheimensis</i> Species of moth

Ichneutica blenheimensis is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found throughout the North, South and the Stewart Islands. This species appears to prefer drier eastern localities and is rarely collected in western North Island forested areas. It does not appear to be frequently collected in inland dry tussock grassland habitats. The host plant for the larvae of this species is likely to be the golden sand sedge pīngao which is now absent from the moths type locality. However Chappell has raised very young larvae on grass species and the more developed larvae consumed Phormium tenax. Adults are on the wing from November to March and are attracted to both light and sugar traps. The blackish forewing fringes are diagnostic of this species. But worn specimens of I. arotis can be confused with worn specimens of I. blenheimensis. However I. arotis can be distinguished from I. blenheimensis as it has a scale-tuft on the thorax and dark longitudinal stripes on the tegula. This species is classified as "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Epichorista tenebrosa</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Epichorista tenebrosa is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is found in Otago and has been collected in tussock grassland habitats. It is a late autumn emerging moth and adults are on the wing in February. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Orocrambus sophronellus</i> Species of moth

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<i>Asaphodes abrogata</i> Species of moth

Asaphodes abrogata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand and can be found from the central North Island as well as the South Island. This species is inhabits open country at altitudes of between 2000 and 4000 ft. Larvae have been reared on Plantago species including Plantago coronopus. It has been recommended that Plantago raoulii be planted to attracted this species. Adults are on the wing in February and March.

<i>Arctesthes catapyrrha</i> Species of moth

Arctesthes catapyrrha is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Ichneutica cuneata</i> Species of moth

Ichneutica cuneata is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. I. cuneata is found in and around the Tongariro National Park in the North Island and throughout the South Island. Specimens found in Tongariro National Park tend to be darker in appearance than South Island specimens but as their colour is variable, and antennae and genitalia of both species are consistent, they are not now regarded as a separate species. I. cuneata inhabits tussock grasslands and shrublands in alpine and subalpine zones. The adults are on the wing from December to April and can be found flying during the day. The life history of I. cuneata is unknown as are the specific host species of its larvae. However larvae of I. cuneata are said to feed on herbaceous plants. The adults of this species also pollinate native species such as Myosotis macrantha.

<i>Asaphodes frivola</i> Species of moth

Asaphodes frivola, also known as the remuremu looper moth or Foveaux looper moth, is a species of moth in the family Geometridae with flightless females. It is endemic to New Zealand, and critically endangered, occurring in a very narrow and specialised habitat at just two small coastal sites near Invercargill.

<i>Orocrambus sophistes</i> Species of moth

Orocrambus sophistes is a moth in the family Crambidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in South Island at the Mackenzie Basin, Central Otago and Otago Lakes areas. This moth is a dryland specialist and inhabits short tussock grasslands. The larval host species is Festuca novae-zelandiae. The adults of this species have been observed from mid January to April with the female being flightless. The adult male is attracted to light. This species has been classified as Nationally Vulnerable by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Helastia siris</i> Species of moth

Helastia siris is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict'" by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Scythris niphozela</i> Species of moth, endemic to New Zealand

Scythris niphozela is a species of moth in the family Scythrididae. It is endemic to New Zealand. It is regarded as being endemic to the Kaitorete Spit area although previously it had been recorded in the Manorburn Ecological District. This species inhabits the foredune area of Kaitorete Spit. The larvae feed on Carmichaelia appressa. Adults are day flying and are on the wing from October to December. These moths are not attracted to light. The species are classified as "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" by the Department of Conservation.

<i>Notoreas chioneres</i> Species of moth

Notoreas chioneres is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Asaphodes clarata</i> Species of moth

Asaphodes clarata is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been found on the North and South Islands. The species inhabits open grassy areas, including tussock grasslands, in montane habitat. The larvae feed on the leaves of Ranunculus species. The adult moths are day flying and are on the wing from December to February and have been shown to pollinate Celmisia laricifolia and Hebe pinguifolia.

<i>Notoreas ischnocyma</i> Species of moth

Notoreas ischnocyma is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. This species is found in Canterbury and Otago.

<i>Notoreas ortholeuca</i> Species of moth

Notoreas ortholeuca is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Paranotoreas brephosata</i> Species of moth

Paranotoreas brephosata is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Asaphodes oraria</i> Species of moth

Asaphodes oraria is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the southern South Island and on Stewart Island / Rakiura. The male is pale yellow coloured and the female has severely reduced wings and is flightless. The habitat of this species is tussock grasslands on coastal sand dunes and in the mountains at elevations of approximately 4,000ft. The larvae have adapted to feeding on exotic lawn daisy species in the genus Bellis. The adults of this species are on the wing from November to April.

<i>Dichromodes ida</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Dichromodes ida is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species was first described by George Hudson in 1905. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in Central Otago. This species inhabits open rocky places at altitudes between 100m to 900m. The larvae of D. ida are cryptic in appearance and feed on lichens growing on rocks. They appear to pupate in rock clefts, forming a chamber made of moss and silk. Adults are day flying and are on the wing from October until December.

<i>Dichromodes simulans</i> Species of moth endemic to New Zealand

Dichromodes simulans is a moth of the family Geometridae. This species was first described by George Hudson in 1908. It is endemic to New Zealand and is regarded as rarely encountered. It has been observed in Otago including at the type locality of the Old Man Range / Kopuwai to the south of Alexandra, and at the Caleb Chapman Road Scientific Reserve.

References

  1. 1 2 "Paranotoreas fulva (Hudsona, 1905)". www.nzor.org.nz. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Dugdale, J. S. (1988). "Lepidoptera-annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 14: 207 – via Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd.
  3. 1 2 Hudson, G. V. (1905). "On some new species of macrolepidoptera in New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 37: 355–358 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hudson, G. V. (1928). The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. Wellington: Ferguson & Osborn Ltd. p. 127.
  5. ↑ Craw, R.C. (5 January 2012). "Review of the genus Notoreas (sensu auctorum) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13 (1): 131–140. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1986.10422654 .
  6. ↑ Gordon, Dennis P., ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia : chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 461. ISBN   978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC   973607714. OL   25288394M. Wikidata   Q45922947.
  7. ↑ Patrick, B.H. (1989). Lepidoptera, Cicadidae, Acrididae of the Manorburn Ecological District (PDF). Wellington, N.Z.: Department of Conservation. ISBN   0-478-01144-X . Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  8. 1 2 Allen, R.B.; McIntosh, P.D. (1997). Guidelines for conservation of salt pans in central Otago (PDF). Wellington, N.Z.: Department of Conservation, New Zealand. ISBN   0478018975 . Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Patrick, Brian H. (2006). "Conservation of New Zealand's tussock grassland moth fauna". docslide.com.br. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  10. ↑ "Paranotoreas fulva". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  11. ↑ "Chapman Road Scientific Reserve". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  12. ↑ Patrick, Brian (October 1989). "Panbiogeography and the amateur naturalist with reference to conservation implications". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 16 (4): 749–755. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1989.10422931 .
  13. ↑ Brian H. Patrick (June 2004). "Conservation of New Zealand's tussock grassland moth fauna". Journal of Insect Conservation. 8 (2–3): 199–208. doi:10.1007/S10841-004-1352-1. ISSN   1366-638X. Wikidata   Q60361071.
  14. ↑ B. H. Patrick (January 1992). "Supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Mackenzie Country with recommendations on their conservation" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 15 (1): 48–58. doi:10.1080/00779962.1992.9722629. ISSN   0077-9962. Wikidata   Q57483707. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2013.
  15. 1 2 "Paranotoreas fulva (Hudson, 1905)". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. 2009. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  16. ↑ Hoare, R.J.B.; Dugdale, J.S.; Edwards, E.D.; Gibbs, G.W.; Patrick, B.H.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Rolfe, J.R. (2017). Conservation status of New Zealand butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), 2015 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Conservation. p. 8. ISBN   9781988514383.
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