Crepis

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Crepis
Crepis jacquini a1.jpg
Crepis jacquinii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Cichorioideae
Tribe: Cichorieae
Subtribe: Crepidinae
Genus: Crepis
L.
Species

about 200, see text

Crepis, commonly known in some parts of the world as hawksbeard or hawk's-beard (but not to be confused with the related genus Hieracium with a similar common name), is a genus of annual and perennial flowering plants of the family Asteraceae superficially resembling the dandelion, the most conspicuous difference being that Crepis usually has branching scapes with multiple heads (though solitary heads can occur). The genus name Crepis derives from the Greek krepis, meaning "slipper" or "sandal", possibly in reference to the shape of the fruit. [1]

Contents

The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Africa, [2] and several plants are known as introduced species practically worldwide. [1] The center of diversity is in the Mediterranean. [2]

Ecology

Crepis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the broad-barred white moth. The fly Tephritis formosa is known to attack the capitula of this plant. [3]

Seeds of Crepis species are an important food source for some bird species. [4]

Reproduction

Crepis can reproduce sexually or asexually. Crepis is insect-pollinated, typically by bees and other generalist pollinators. [5] Species in this genus are able to produce viable seeds through hybridization. Some of these hybrids (depending on their parent species) can reproduce themselves. [6] As an aster, flowers of Crepis are closely clustered on a capitulum, which is surrounded by petal-like rays. Asexual reproduction (or autogamy) between flowers on the same capitulum has been observed in the genus. [7]

Apomixis in Crepis

As with several other genera in Asteraceae, multiple Crepis species exhibit apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction where flowers produce clonal seeds without need of fertilization. [8] Unlike sexually-reproducing individuals, which are diploid, apomicts are typically polyploid, with three or more sets of chromosomes. [9] The mechanism of apomixis in Crepis is apospory, wherein diploid tissue arises during meiosis in the ovule. Through apospory, asexual seeds can develop spontaneously in the flowers of a non-apomictic Crepis. [10]

Crepis is part of the Cichorieae tribe in Asteraceae, and is one of several genera of that tribe that exhibits apomixis. [11] [12] [13] The largest group of asexual species is found in North America, and is referred to as the "North American Crepis agamic complex" [8] [9] The agamic complex may have first arisen in the Pliocene, between 5.3 and 2.6 million years ago. [14] At least one Eurasian Crepis species, C. tectorum, has been observed to self-fertilize. [6] Another agamic complex is thought to exist in Asia. [15] Species known to produce apomicts include C.acuminata, C.barbigera, C. intermedia, and C. occidentalis. Polyploid individuals may still be able to carry out sexual reproduction and therefore produce sexual offspring, allowing for the formation of new polyploid hybrids. [6]

Reproductive interference

Apomictic individuals can prevent reproduction in sexual individuals in multiple ways. Like other apomictic species in Cichorieae, polyploid apomicts may still produce viable pollen that can be transferred to sexual diploids through the normal process of pollination. [16] The mixed apomict-sexual parantage may produce a polyploid hybrid (as has been observed when the apomictic C. barbigera breeds with diploid species C. atribarba [17] ). Seed set in the diploid may be reduced, or the pollen may produce hybrid seeds that are unable to reproduce or survive to a normal lifespan. [18] The pollen from the apomict may also prevent germination of pollen from a diploid flower. When pollen from a polyploid individual fertilizes diploid flowers, the resultant seeds are typically polyploid, which lowers the diploid population over generations. [9]

As a result of this reproductive interference, sexual reproduction between diploid plants is reduced when apomicts enter a population. Because diploid species require pollen exchange to reproduce and apomicts can produce seeds by parthenogenesis, apomicts do not suffer any reproductive consequences in a mixed diploid-polyploid population. Meanwhile, the reproductive success of sexually-reproducing diploids falls, resulting in diploids being found more often in populations isolated from apomicts. [9]

Evolutionary implications

Although apomixis has been considered a "blind alley of evolution", research into apomictic species and species complexes has cast doubt on this. Apomictic clades elsewhere in Cichorieae have demonstrated an ability to "revert" to a sexual mode of reproduction, reducing the risk of extinction through lack of introgression. [8] Speciation in Crepis has occurred through its ability to self-fertilize, hybridize, and form polyploid apomicts. [6]

Apomixis can facilitate range expansion in ways that sexual reproduction does not. Apomicts do not require input of genetic material for another individual, and can therefore produce seeds on maturity without the aid of pollinators. This allows apomictic populations to expand into new geographic areas more rapidly than sexual ones. Because apomixis in Crepis involves multiple ploidy levels, there is sufficient genetic variation for adaptation to novel ecosystems. [19] Additionally, some Crepis apomict species have the ability to hybridize with other apomicts, resulting in genetic recombination alongside parthenogenesis. [20]

Uses

In Crete, Greece the leaves of Crepis commutata which are called glykosyrida (γλυκοσυρίδα) are eaten raw, boiled, steamed or browned in salads. Another two species on the same island, Crepis vesicaria , called kokkinogoula (κοκκινογούλα), lekanida (λεκανίδα) or prikousa (πρικούσα) and a local variety called maryies (μαργιές) or pikrouses (πικρούσες) have both its leaves and tender shoots eaten boiled by the locals.[ citation needed ]

Secondary metabolites

The genus Crepis is a rich source of costus lactone-type guaianolides, [21] a class of sesquiterpene lactones.

Phenolics found in Crepis include luteolin-type flavonoids and caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives such as chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Moreover, Crepis species contain the caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives caffeoyl tartaric acid and cichoric acid. [22]

Diversity

There are about 200 species in the genus. [1] [2]

Crepis tectorum Liiv-koeratubakas (Crepis tectorum).jpg
Crepis tectorum
Crepis pyrenaica Crepis pyrenaica (Pyrenaen-Pippau) IMG 4516.JPG
Crepis pyrenaica
Crepis aurea Crepis aurea01.jpg
Crepis aurea
Crepis flowers attracts bumblebees Bombus soroeensis - Crepis tectorum - Keila2.jpg
Crepis flowers attracts bumblebees

Species include:

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reproduction</span> Biological process by which new organisms are generated from one or more parent organisms

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternation of generations</span> Reproductive cycle of plants and algae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apomixis</span> Replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization

In botany, apomixis is asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization. However, other definitions include replacement of the seed by a plantlet or replacement of the flower by bulbils.

<i>Hieracium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hieracium , known by the common name hawkweed and classically as hierakion, is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, and closely related to dandelion (Taraxacum), chicory (Cichorium), prickly lettuce (Lactuca) and sow thistle (Sonchus), which are part of the tribe Cichorieae. Hawkweeds, with their 10,000+ recorded species and subspecies, do their part to make Asteraceae the second largest family of flowering plants. Some botanists group all these species or subspecies into approximately 800 accepted species, while others prefer to accept several thousand species. Since most hawkweeds reproduce exclusively asexually by means of seeds that are genetically identical to their mother plant, clones or populations that consist of genetically identical plants are formed and some botanists prefer to accept these clones as good species whereas others try to group them into a few hundred more broadly defined species. What is here treated as the single genus Hieracium is now treated by most European experts as two different genera, Hieracium and Pilosella, with species such as Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium floribundum and Hieracium aurantiacum referred to the latter genus. Many members of the genus Pilosella reproduce both by stolons and by seeds, whereas true Hieracium species reproduce only by seeds. In Pilosella, many individual plants are capable of forming both normal sexual and asexual (apomictic) seeds, whereas individual plants of Hieracium only produce one kind of seeds. Another difference is that all species of Pilosella have leaves with smooth (entire) margins whereas most species of Hieracium have distinctly dentate to deeply cut or divided leaves.

A dry roadside dotted with small, ¾ inch red orange flowers, interspersed with very similar yellow ones, and often the white of daisies, is a good sign that you are in Hawkweed country.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cichorieae</span> Tribe of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae

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<i>Crepis paludosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Crepis paludosa, the marsh hawk's-beard, is a European species of flowering plant in the tribe Cichorieae of the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Europe with isolated populations in Iceland, the Ural Mountains, and the Caucasus.

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<i>Crepis tectorum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Crepis vesicaria</i> Species of flowering plant

Crepis vesicaria is a European species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae with the common name beaked hawk's-beard. It is native to the Western and Southern Europe from Ireland and Portugal east as far as Germany, Austria, and Greece. It became naturalized in scattered locations in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoecy</span> Sexual system in seed plants

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Crepis. Flora of North America.
  2. 1 2 3 Enke N., Gemeinholzer B. (2008). "Babcock revisited: New insights into generic delimitation and character evolution in Crepis L. (Compositae: Cichorieae) from ITS and matK sequence data". Taxon. 57 (3): 756–68. doi:10.1002/tax.573008.
  3. ↑ White, I.M. (1984). Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidea). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 10 pt 5a. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 134 pp. ISBN   0901546682.
  4. ↑ D. L. Buckingham and W. J. Peach (2005). "The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds". Animal Science. 81 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1079/asc50700199.[ permanent dead link ]
  5. ↑ Cheptou, P.-O.; Lepart, J.; Escarre, J. (2002-08-21). "Mating system variation along a successional gradient in the allogamous and colonizing plant Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (5): 753–762. doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00443.x . ISSN   1010-061X. S2CID   82159600.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Babcock, Ernest B. (1947), Cytogenetics and Speciation in Crepis, Advances in Genetics, vol. 1, Elsevier, pp. 69–93, doi:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60483-6, ISBN   9780120176014 , retrieved 2023-03-21
  7. ↑ Cheptou, P.O.; Lepart, J.; Escarre, J. (2001-01-01). "Differential outcrossing rates in dispersing and non-dispersing achenes in the heterocarpic plant Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)". Evolutionary Ecology. 15 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1023/a:1011961905525. ISSN   0269-7653. S2CID   45368325.
  8. 1 2 3 Hörandl, E.; Hojsgaard, D. (2012-09-01). "The evolution of apomixis in angiosperms: A reappraisal". Plant Biosystems. 146 (3): 681–693. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.716795 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN   1126-3504.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  9. 1 2 3 4 Whitton, Jeannette; Sears, Christopher J.; Maddison, Wayne P. (2017-12-06). "Co-occurrence of related asexual, but not sexual, lineages suggests that reproductive interference limits coexistence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1868): 20171579. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1579. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   5740271 . PMID   29212720.
  10. ↑ Stebbins, G. L.; Jenkins, J. A. (1939-05-01). "Aposporic development in the North American species of Crepis". Genetica. 21 (3): 191–224. doi:10.1007/BF01508152. ISSN   1573-6857. S2CID   13385832.
  11. ↑ Fehrer, Judith; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; Hartmann, Matthias; Caklová, Petra; Josefiová, Jiřina; Bräutigam, Siegfried; Chrtek, Jindřich (2022-09-30). "A Multigene Phylogeny of Native American Hawkweeds (Hieracium Subgen. Chionoracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae): Origin, Speciation Patterns, and Migration Routes". Plants. 11 (19): 2584. doi: 10.3390/plants11192584 . ISSN   2223-7747. PMC   9571344 . PMID   36235450.
  12. ↑ Rousi, Arne (1973). "Studies on the cytotaxonomy and mode of reproduction of Leontodon (Compositae)". Annales Botanici Fennici. 10 (3): 201–215. ISSN   0003-3847. JSTOR   23725033.
  13. ↑ MOGIE, MICHAEL; FORD, HENRY (1988-10-01). "Sexual and asexual Taraxacum species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 35 (2): 155–168. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00463.x. ISSN   0024-4066.
  14. ↑ Babcock, E.B., Stebbins, G.L. (1938). The American Species of Crepis; Their Interrelationships and Distribution as Affected by Polyploidy and Apomixis. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Andersson, Stefan (1989-09-01). "The evolution of self-fertility inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 168 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1007/BF00936101. ISSN   1615-6110. S2CID   12708772.
  16. ↑ Meirmans, P. G.; Den Nijs, H. (j) C. M.; Van Tienderen, P. H. (2006-01-01). "Male sterility in triploid dandelions: asexual females vs asexual hermaphrodites". Heredity. 96 (1): 45–52. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800750 . ISSN   1365-2540. PMID   16189541. S2CID   2326241.
  17. ↑ Hersh, Evan; Grimm, Jaime; Whitton, Jeannette (2016-09-01). "Attack of the clones: reproductive interference between sexuals and asexuals in the Crepis agamic complex". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (18): 6473–6483. doi:10.1002/ece3.2353. ISSN   2045-7758. PMC   5058521 . PMID   27777723.
  18. ↑ Andersson, Stefan (1993-03-01). "Morphometric differentiation, patterns of interfertility, and the genetic basis of character evolution inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 184 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1007/BF00937777. ISSN   1615-6110. S2CID   24288667.
  19. ↑ Hojsgaard, Diego; Hörandl, Elvira (2015), "Apomixis as a Facilitator of Range Expansion and Diversification in Plants", Evolutionary Biology: Biodiversification from Genotype to Phenotype, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 305–327, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19932-0_16, ISBN   978-3-319-19931-3 , retrieved 2023-03-09
  20. ↑ Whitton, Jeannette; Dlugosch, Katrina M.; Sears, Christopher J. (2008-08-01). "Molecular and morphological evidence for and against gene flow in sympatric apomicts of the North American Crepis agamic complex (Asteraceae)". Botany. 86 (8): 877–885. doi:10.1139/B08-071. ISSN   1916-2790.
  21. ↑ Zidorn, C. (2008). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–2296. Bibcode:2008PChem..69.2270Z. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN   0031-9422. PMID   18715600.
  22. ↑ Zidorn, C.; et al. (2008). "Phenolics as chemosystematic markers in and for the genus Crepis (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)". Scientia Pharmaceutica (Vienna, Austria). 76 (4): 743–50. doi: 10.3797/scipharm.0810-25 . ISSN   0036-8709.
  23. ↑ "Crepis palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
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