Philip G. Kreyenbroek | |
---|---|
Born | 1948 |
Citizenship | Dutch |
Occupation(s) | Iranologist and Kurdologist |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | Leiden University |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Iranian studies and Kurdish studies |
Institutions | University of Göttingen (1996–2016) |
Philip G. Kreyenbroek (born 1948 [1] ) is a Dutch academic specialising in Iranian studies. Throughout his career,he has published several books and articles on the Zoroastrian,Kurdish,and Yazidi traditions. [2]
From 1966 he studied Persian,Arabic and Turkish at the University of Amsterdam from where he obtained a BSc in 1970. [3] He transferred to the University of Utrecht,from where he received an MSc Iranian studies in 1972. [3] Granted with a scholarship by the British Council,he then followed up on his studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London,where he studied Zoroastrianism,Gujarati and the Iranian language from 1972 to 1973. [4] In 1982,he obtained a Doctorate from the University of Leyden [3] with a thesis on the Sraoša in the Zoroastrian Tradition. [4]
From 1973 he lectured on Iranian studies at Utrecht University. [4] In 1985 he became senior lecturer on Iranian Studies at Utrecht University. [3]
His interest for the Kurdish,Pashtu and Balutschi languages and cultures led to the SOAS in London,where he lectured on Iranian languages,Zoroastrism and Sufism, [4] between 1988 and 1993. From 1993 to 1996,he was appointed the Reader for Iranian languages and religions at the same university. [5] His research at the SOAS focused on the oral traditions of the Iranian languages and to organize such studies,he founded the Society for Iranian Oral Studies (SIOS). [4] From 1990 his interest turned towards the Yazidi traditions and in 1992 he undertook a journey to Iraqi Kurdistan to establish relationships with Yazidi dignitaries. [4]
In 1996 he became the Professor on Iranian studies at the University of Göttingen where he succeeded David Neil MacKenzie. [5] He went to Göttingen due to his interest in Yazidi culture and the fact that at the time about half of the Yazidi diaspora lived in Germany. [4] He retired from Göttingen in 2016. [6]
According to his own account given in his farewell interview from the university,he has seriously studied 34 languages. [6] He has published numerous books on oriental languages and culture [4] and has also written for the Encyclopædia Iranica . [7]
Kurds or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia,which spans southeastern Turkey,northwestern Iran,northern Iraq,and northern Syria. There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia,Khorasan,and the Caucasus,as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey and Western Europe. The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.
Kurdish music refers to music performed in the Kurdish languages and Zaza-Gorani languages. The earliest study of Kurdish music was initiated by the renowned Armenian priest and composer Komitas in 1903,when he published his work "Chansons kurdes transcrites par le pere Komitas" which consisted of twelve Kurdish melodies which he had collected. The Armenian KarapetêXaço also preserved many traditional Kurdish melodies throughout the 20th century by recording and performing them. In 1909,Scholar Isya Joseph published the work "Yezidi works" in which he documented the musical practice of the Yazidis including the role of the musician-like qawâl figures and the instruments used by the minority.
TawûsîMelek,also spelled MelekêTawûs and TawûsêMelek,translated in English as Peacock Angel,is one of the central figures of the Yazidi religion. In Yazidi creation stories,before the creation of this world,God created seven Divine Beings,of whom TawûsîMelek was appointed as the leader. God assigned all of the world's affairs to these seven Divine Beings,also often referred to as the Seven Angels or heft sirr.
Yazidism,alternatively Sharfadin is a monotheistic ethnic religion that has roots in a western Iranic pre-Zoroastrian religion directly derived from the Indo-Iranian tradition. It is followed by the mainly Kurmanji-speaking Yazidis and is based on belief in one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings,known as Angels. Preeminent among these Angels is TawûsêMelek,who is the leader of the Angels and who has authority over the world.
Butaul is a name mentioned in an inscription contained in a treasure trove of gold artifacts found in 1799 in Sânnicolau Mare,in northern Banat. According to various interpretations of the inscription,Butaul was an župan,a sort of local chieftain. It is possible that Butaul is linked to the runiform on the chalice of Kiskőrös-Vágóhíd,which may be transliterated as /put'ə/ or /Buta/ [Oghur Turkic for (camel's) foal ].
Lalish is a mountain valley and temple in Shekhan,Duhok Governorate in Iraq. It is the holiest temple of the Yazidis. It is the location of the tomb of the Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir,a central figure of the Yazidi faith.
David Neil MacKenzie FBA was a scholar of Iranian languages.
The Chinvat Bridge or the Bridge of the Requiter in Zoroastrianism is the sifting bridge,which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead. All souls must cross the bridge upon death. The bridge is guarded by two four-eyed dogs,described in the Videvdat (Vendidad) 13,9 as 'spâna pəšu.pâna'.
Zenob Glak was an Armenian historian who became the first abbot of the Glak monastery in the Taron region of Greater Armenia. He began the chronology that would become the History of Taron of John Mamikonean. .
Sheikh Hasan ibn Sheikh ‘AdīII is a holy and historical figure in that is revered in Yazidism and considered the physical or earthly incarnation of Melik Şêxsin,one of the Seven Divine Beings to whom God assigned the World's affairs. Melik Şêxsin is associated with the Pen and consequently with writing and books,he is thus called XudanêQelemê. Adani Sheikhs are the descendants of Sheikh Hasan and were traditionally the only ones in Yazidi society that had the privilege to acquire the art of writing and reading.
Sheikh Sharaf ad-Dīn ibn al-Hasan was the son and religious heir of al-Hasan ibn ‘Adīand thus head of the ‘Adawiyya order. He died in battle against the Mongols in 1258 and was succeeded by his uncle,Fakhr ad-Dīn ibn ‘Adī. Due to the hostility of the Mongols,his son Zayn ed Din preferred not to become his successor and passed on the duties to Fakhr ad-Dīn ibn ‘Adī,who was married to a Mongol.
Yazidis or Yezidis are a Kurmanji-speaking endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan,a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq,Syria,Turkey and Iran. The majority of Yazidis remaining in the Middle East today live in Iraq,primarily in the governorates of Nineveh and Duhok. There is a disagreement among scholars and in Yazidi circles on whether the Yazidi people are a distinct ethnoreligious group or a religious sub-group of the Kurds,an Iranic ethnic group. Yazidism is the ethnic religion of the Yazidi people and is monotheistic in nature,having roots in a pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith.
Iranian literature,or Iranic literature,refers to the literary traditions of the Iranian languages,developed predominantly in Iran and other regions in the Middle East and the Caucasus,eastern Asia Minor,and parts of western Central Asia and northwestern South Asia. These include works attested from as early as the 6th century BC. Modern Iranian literatures include Persian literature,Ossetian literature,Kurdish literature,Pashto literature,and Balochi literature,among others.
Khanna Omarkhali,also Khanna Usoyan is a Yezidi-Kurdish religion researcher.
Literature in Iran encompasses a variety of literary traditions in the various languages used in Iran. Modern literatures of Iran include Persian literature,Azerbaijani literature,and Kurdish literature,among others.
There is a social organizational structure in the Yazidi community. There are three main castes,namely the Mirids,the Sheikhs,and the Pirs. Furthermore,there are positions for dignitaries in the Yazidi hierarchy.
Sheikh Shems or Melek Shams ad-Din is a holy figure venerated in Yazidism,he is considered one of the Seven Divine Beings,to all of whom God assigned the World's affairs,and his earthly incarnation is considered one of the four sons of Ezdina Mir along with Nasirdîn,Fexredîn,and Sicadîn,who are the respective ancestors and patriarchs of the four ŞemsanîSheikh lineages.
Pir Mam Rashan or Pir Mehmed Reshan was a 12th-century Yazidi saint. The Mam Rashan Shrine on Mount Sinjar was built in honor of him.
Khatuna Fekhra was a 12th-century Yazidi female saint.
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