Phratora tibialis

Last updated

Phratora tibialis
Phratora tibialis (Suffrian, 1851).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Phratora
Species:
P. tibialis
Binomial name
Phratora tibialis
(Suffrian, 1851)
Synonyms

Phratora cornelii(Weise, 1882)
Phratora viennensis(Weise, 1882) [1]

Contents

Phratora tibialis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and parts of Asia. [2] [3] This beetle is found on willows ( Salix species) [4] [5] [6] and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively. [5] [7] [8] [9]

Description

This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of Phratora . Adults are typically metallic blue or green. [3] In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on Salix host species with Phratora vitellinae . It is somewhat narrower in body shape than P. vitellinae. [6] This beetle is very similar in morphology and behavior to the Nordic species Phratora polaris , as noted by Palmen, [10] Steinhausen, [11] Sundholm, [12] and Köpf et al. (1996). [9] For example, the female genitalia of P. tibialis, (which can be examined with live beetles when moderate pressure is applied to the abdomen under the dissecting scope), closely resemble those of P. polaris. [12]

Genitalia of a female Phratora tibialis individual Phratora tibialis female genitalia.png
Genitalia of a female Phratora tibialis individual

Eggs are typically laid in clutches of 8-16, arranged in rows on the underside of the host leaf. Like other Phratora species, eggs are partially covered with a crusty secretion. [13] Larvae feed in groups in early instars (molts). Larvae show little variation in color pattern, in contrast to some other Phratora species. [6] [14]

Distribution and range

Phratora tibialis has a widespread distribution in Europe. [15] [16] It is known from the Netherlands, [17] Germany, [18] [6] Poland, [3] Latvia [19] [20] Spain, [21] [22] Slovakia, [23] Serbia and Bosnia, [24] and Bulgaria. [25] Populations occur at high elevations in parts of central Europe. [26] [27] It is also known from Iran [28] and the Caucasus. [29]

Taxonomy

The closest known relative to P. tibialis is P. polaris, which occurs in the Nordic countries. Mitochondrial sequences at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (DNA barcoding) gene show little variation between these two Phratora species, [5] which supports the findings of prior studies comparing morphological characters between them. [10] [11] [12] In 1996, Köpf et al. [9] examined host plant preferences and mating behaviors for P. tibialis populations from Switzerland and a P. polaris population in eastern Finland. Beetles from all three populations showed similar host plant preferences, regardless of the host plant that they had been collected on, and P. tibialis and P. polaris individuals also mated with each other freely. Earlier investigators had proposed that willow-feeding P. polaris might be a Nordic subspecies of P. tibialis, [10] and these behavioral studies support the view that the two species are very closely related or even possibly geographically separated populations of a single species.

Habitat and host plants

Phratora tibialis adults feed and lay eggs on willow (Salix) shrubs. Their larvae develop on the same host plants as adults. [6] Phratora tibialis is found on the high salicylate willow species Salix purpurea [4] [5] throughout most of their range. In the 1990s, a population of P. tibialis was found feeding on Salix daphnoides plants along a stream in a rural area near Alpthal, Switzerland. [5] This willow contains low levels of salicylates. [30] The presence of P. tibialis on willow species with very different leaf chemistries makes this beetle an exception within the genus Phratora because most species within this genus specialize on either high salicylate host plants or low salicylate ones. [5] In the laboratory, P. tibialis appears to be able to feed on other willows that possess very different leaf chemistries, including Salix euxina [6] (syn. S. fragilis), [31] Salix triandra , [6] Salix caprea , [6] and Salix phylicifolia . [6] [9]

Life history and natural enemies

Like other Phratora species, P. tibialis can undergo multiple generations within a growing season. [6] It probably shares the same natural enemies, which are described in more detail for Phratora vitellinae and Phratora laticollis .

Larval secretion chemistry

Phratora tibialis larvae secrete a defensive secretion that contains iridoid monoterpenes that they synthesize themselves (autogeneously), while their congener Phratora vitellinae sequesters host plant salicylates to make its larval defensive secretion. [32] [7] [33] Using host plant compounds to make the larval defensive secretions appears to be the evolutionarily advanced or derived state of this trait, [5] but P. tibialis appears to be pre-adapted to evolve the use of host plant salicylates to produce its defensive secretion. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf beetle</span> Family of beetles

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue willow beetle</span> Species of beetle

The blue willow beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vulgatissima, is a herbivourous beetle of the family Chrysomelidae. It is dark with a metallic sheen that ranges from a blue color to bronze. It is distinguished from P. vitellinae by the latter more commonly displaying bronze coloration. European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia. The larvae undergo three instar stages from hatching to pupation. This beetle is found throughout Europe and Scandinavia, and occurs in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salicin</span> Chemical compound

Salicin is an alcoholic β-glucoside. Salicin is produced in willow (Salix) bark. It is a biosynthetic precursor to salicylaldehyde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysomelinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world.

<i>Chrysomela lapponica</i> Species of beetle

The leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica is found in central and northern Europe feeding on leaves of willows and birch. The adult beetles are about 8 mm long and beetles in different regions can have different colour patterns on their elytra.

<i>Chrysomela populi</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela populi is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

<i>Oreina gloriosa</i> Species of beetle

Oreina gloriosa is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetles of the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

<i>Parasyrphus nigritarsis</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus nigritarsis is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. It is known from northern Europe and North America, and has been considered to be a rare species in parts of its range. Adults visit flowers as a source of nutrition, and females lay their eggs on clutches of eggs of leaf beetles. When the Parasyrphus larvae hatch, they first consume leaf beetle eggs and then consume immature beetles until they reach the pupal stage. This species is related to hoverflies that prey on aphids as larvae, and has been investigated in studies of chemical ecology and food web ecology.

<i>Phratora</i> Genus of beetles

Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to Phyllodecta . European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration.

<i>Phratora vitellinae</i> Species of beetle

Phratora vitellinae, the brassy leaf beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vitellinae, is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae found in Europe and Asia. It feeds on Populus and Salix species. The evolution of its host plant preferences and the mechanism by which it uses host plant chemicals to make a larval defensive secretion have been the subject of intense study by research groups in Europe and the Nordic countries.

<i>Phratora laticollis</i> Species of beetle

Phratora laticollis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and Asia. This beetle is found on Populus species and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.

<i>Proseicela</i> Genus of beetles

Proseicela is a genus of leaf beetles.

<i>Chrysomela aeneicollis</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela aeneicollis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. This organism has been used as a model for studies of natural selection in nature. It is currently being investigated to study effects of environmental change on insect populations, and the evolutionary significance of variation at genes affecting metabolism and the response to stress. It has been included as a study species in the California Conservation Genomics Project, due to its presence in multiple California ecoregions and extensive knowledge of genetic variation, evolutionary ecology, and interactions with other species. Information about its range and comparisons with closely related species can be found in a review of the genus Chrysomela published in the Canadian Entomologist.

Phratora interstitialis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America. This leaf beetle feeds on host plants that are poor in salicylates and is closely related to the European Phratora vulgatissima, which also feeds on salicylate-poor willows.

Phratora hudsonia, the birch leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America. This species is known from Canadian populations at the Great Slave Lake and north shore of Lake Superior. It feeds on birch and is metallic brown in color. It is relatively small in size, like other Phratora species.

<i>Phratora purpurea</i> Species of beetle

Phratora purpurea, the aspen skeletonizer, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found across North America, including Maryland, New York, Ontario, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. It feeds on willows and poplars, and is deep purple or coppery red in color.

<i>Parasyrphus melanderi</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus melanderi is a flower fly that is best known as a larval predator on the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis in the Sierra Nevada range of California.

<i>Symmorphus cristatus</i>

Symmorphus cristatus is a species of mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae within the family Vespidae. This species is widely distributed in North America, and it preys on the larvae of leaf beetles.

<i>Phratora polaris</i> Species of beetle

Phratora polaris is a species of leaf beetle found in the Nordic regions of Europe., occasionally in Scotland, and Iceland. Some authors have recorded it in central Europe, especially in the Alps. Historically, this species has occurred in Greenland. This beetle is found on willow (Salix) species in the southern part of its range. Populations in Lapland feed on birch.

<i>Doryphora</i> (beetle) Genus of leaf beetles

Doryphora is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. It includes nine species from Central and South America.

References

  1. ↑ Weise, J. (1882). "Synonymische Bemerkungen über Phyllodecta viennensis Schrank". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 26 (1): 157–158.
  2. ↑ Warchalowski, A. (2003) Chrysomelidae. The Leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Warsawa: Natura Optima Dux.
  3. 1 2 3 "Phratora tibialis (Suffrian, 1851) (Linnaeus, 1758)". European Chrysomelidae. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  4. 1 2 Cornelius, H. (1857). "Ernährung und Entwicklung einiger Blattkäfer. 5. Chrysomela (Phratora) vitellinae Lin., tibialis Strm., atro-virens m., vulgatissima Lin., laticollis Suffr". Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 18: 392–405.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Evolution. 52 (2): 517–528. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01651.x . PMID   28568343. S2CID   24641299.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung Phyllodecta Kirby". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 2: 1–100. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19550020102.
  7. 1 2 Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D. (1984). "Chemical defenses in leaf beetles and their larvae: their ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 12 (4): 395–406. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(84)90071-1. S2CID   83537954.
  8. ↑ Soetens, P. (1993). Analyse des relations entre Phratora vitellinae (L.) et Ph. tibialis Suffr. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) et les Salicaceae (PhD thesis). Université Libre de Bruxelles.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Köpf, A.; Rank, N.; Roininen, H. (1996). "Geographic variation in feeding and mating preferences in the Phratora tibialis complex". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 80: 311–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00942.x . S2CID   84826240.
  10. 1 2 3 Palmén, E. (1945). "Zur Systematik finnischer Chrysomeliden. 2. Taxonomisches und Zoographisches über Phyllodecta boparis Sp.-Schn". Annales Entomologici Fennici. 3: 196–203.
  11. 1 2 Steinhausen, W. R. (1993). "Phratora polaris leederi, eine boreoalpine Rasse in Mitteleuropa (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae)". Acta Coleopterologica. 9: 29.
  12. 1 2 3 Sundholm, A. (1956). "Studien über die Gattung Phyllodecta Kirby (Col. Chrysomelidae)". Opuscula Entomologica. 21: 5–7.
  13. ↑ Von Lengerken, H. (1954). Die Brutfürsorge- und Brutpflegeinstinkte der Käfer. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig.
  14. ↑ Takizawa, H. (1976). "Larva of Phratora similis (Chujo) from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Akitu. New Series. 5: 1–6.
  15. ↑ Lucht, W. H. (1987). Die Käfer Mitteleuropas: Katalog. Krefeld: Goecke and Evers Verlag.
  16. ↑ Freude, H.; Harde, K. W.; Lohse, G. A. (1966). Die Käfer Mitteleuropas- Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae. Vol. 9. Krefeld: Goecke and Evers.
  17. ↑ Brakman, P. J. (1966). "Lijst van Coleoptera uit Nederland en het omliggend gebied". Monographieën van de Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereenigung. 2.
  18. ↑ Reitter, E. (1912). Fauna Germanica: Die Käfer des deutschen Reiches. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: K.G. Lutz Verlag.
  19. ↑ Bukejs, Andris (2009). "On Latvian Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): 1. Genus Phratora Chevrolat, 1836". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 19 (4): 287–296. doi:10.2478/v10043-009-0032-5. ISSN   1392-1657.
  20. ↑ Bukejs, Andris (2012). "Taxonomical structure and biogeography of leaf-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae sl) of the Latvian fauna". Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis. 12 (3): 25–34. ISSN   1407-8953.
  21. ↑ Petitpierre, E. (1988). "Catàleg dels coleopters crisomèlids de Catalunya, III. Chrysomelinae i Galerucinae". Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural. 55: 79–100.
  22. ↑ Baselga, Andrés; Novoa, Francisco (2006). "Diversity of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in Galicia, Northwest Spain: estimating the completeness of the regional inventory". Biodiversity & Conservation. 15 (1): 205–230. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-6904-x. S2CID   29680860.
  23. ↑ BEZDĚK, Jan (2020). "Updated checklist of Slovakian leaf-beetles (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodidae, Chrysomelidae), with comments on the occurrence of some species". Klapalekiana. 57: 1–79. ISSN   1210-6100.
  24. ↑ Gruev, B. (1979). "Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) Jugoslawiens (Unterfamilien: Lamprosomatinae, Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Cassidinae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 26 (1–3): 153–164.
  25. ↑ Warchalowski, A. (1974). "Übersicht der Blattkäfer Bulgariens (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)". Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 44: 473–542.
  26. ↑ von Peez, A.; Kahlen, M. (1977). Die Käfer von Südtirol: faunistisches Verzeichnis der aus der Provinz Bozen bisher bekannt gewordenen Koleopteren. Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum. Vol. 2. Innsbruck: Selbstverlag des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum.
  27. ↑ Franz, H. (1974). Die nordost-Alpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt: eine Gebietsmonographie. Coleoptera 2. Teil, umfassend die Familien Pselaphidae bis Scolytidae. Umfassend: Fauna, Faunengeschichte, Lebensgemeinschaften und Beeinflussung der Tiere durch den Menschen. Vol. 4. Innsbruck-München: Universitätsverlag Wagner.
  28. ↑ Ghahari, Hassan; Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2011). "A study on the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Kurdistan province and adjacent areas, western Iran". Calodema. 195: 1–6.
  29. ↑ Borowski, Tomasz (2020). "World inventory of beetles of the family Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Part 2: Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Check list from 1768 to 2004". World News of Natural Sciences. 29 (2).
  30. ↑ Shao, Y. (1991). Phytochemischer Atlas der Schweizer Weiden (PhD thesis). Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-000614751. hdl:20.500.11850/140516.
  31. ↑ Bartha, D. (2021). "An Annotated and Updated Checklist of the Hungarian Dendroflora". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 63 (3–4): 227–284. doi: 10.1556/034.63.2021.3-4.1 . ISSN   1588-2578. S2CID   239541755 . Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  32. ↑ Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Dupont, A. (1983). "Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of chrysomeline larvae" (PDF). Physiological Entomology. 8 (3): 307–314. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x. S2CID   85066862.
  33. ↑ Rowell-Rahier, M.; Pasteels, J. M. (1986). "Economics of chemical defense in Chrysomelinae" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 12 (5): 1189–1203. doi:10.1007/BF01639004. PMID   24307055. S2CID   11273249.
  34. ↑ Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in Phratora species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Experientia. 49 (11): 1024–1026. doi:10.1007/BF02125653. S2CID   32185705.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.