Phratora laticollis

Last updated

Phratora laticollis
Phratora laticollis, Deeside, North Wales, July 2015 2 - Flickr - janetgraham84.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Phratora
Species:
P. laticollis
Binomial name
Phratora laticollis
(Suffrian, 1851)

Phratora laticollis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and Asia. [1] [2] This beetle is found on Populus species [3] and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively. [4] [5]

Contents

Description

This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of Phratora . Adults are typically metallic blue or green. [6] In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on Populus host species with two other Phratora species Phratora vitellinae and Phratora atrovirens . It is larger and more abundant [7] [8] than P. atrovirens and somewhat narrower in body shape than P. vitellinae. [3] Eggs are typically laid in clutches of 8–16, arranged in rows on the underside of the host leaf. Like other Phratora species, eggs are partially covered with a crusty secretion. [9] [10] Larvae feed in groups in early instars (molts), [9] and sometimes show color polymorphisms. [3]

Range

Phratora laticollis has a widespread distribution. In Europe, it is found in Arctic regions [11] and the Nordic countries, [12] the United Kingdom, [13] [6] Germany [8] [3] to Spain, [14] Serbia and Bosnia, [15] and Bulgaria. [7] It is also found in China and elsewhere in Asia. [2] [16] [17] Populations occur at high elevations in parts of central Europe [18] and China. [17]

Habitat and host plants

Phratora laticollis adults feed and lay eggs on Populus trees, including Populus tremula , [9] [19] [20] Populus nigra , [20] and Populus alba . [8] Their larvae develop on the same host plants as adults. [3] Their host plants belong to the family Salicaceae, but unlike the willow species (Salix) that other Phratora species favor, Populus species all contain relatively high levels of salicylates in their leaves. [19] Laboratory feeding tests showed that the phenol glycosides (salicylates) characteristic of Populus species stimulate P. laticollis feeding. [21] They are also attracted to volatile compounds emitted by host trees, which may explain preferences based on host plant gender and prior history of insect herbivory. [5]

Life history

Lühmann (1939) [9] described the life history of a population in Germany in detail. After overwintering, adult beetles seek mid-sized trees of Populus tremula within aspen groves for feeding, oviposition, and production of the summer generation. When spring arrives, overwintered beetles spend 2–3 weeks feeding and lay up to 250 eggs on the undersides of leaves. After eggs hatched, larvae spent about 5–6 days in the first, second, and third instars before leaving the host plant and making a pupal case. After about six days, adults emerge and remain in the pupal case for an additional two days before emerging. In central Europe, this species can experience multiple generations per growing season (multivoltine), but it appears to undergo only one generation per summer in the Nordic countries or at high elevations. Overwintering was observed under the bark of fir trees near the Populus tremula stand where beetle populations had been found. [9]

Van der Laak (1982) [22] investigated the mechanisms of cold tolerance and overwintering success in P. laticollis. These studies revealed that P. laticollis can be 'freeze-tolerant' in summer and winter. [23] Multiple mechanisms influence cold tolerance and it varies over the year partly due to the concentration of metabolic products such as glycerol and other factors. [22]

Larval secretion chemistry

Phratora laticollis larvae secrete a defensive secretion that contains iridoid monoterpenes that they synthesize themselves (autogeneously), while their congener Phratora vitellinae sequesters host plant salicylates to make its larval defensive secretion. [24] [25] [26] [4] [27] Using host plant compounds to make the larval defensive secretions appears to be the evolutionarily advanced or derived state of this trait, [19] but P. laticollis appears to be pre-adapted to evolve the use of host plant salicylates to produce its defensive secretion. [28] Larvae of P. laticollis already possess systems to transport plant secondary compounds that can be modified to sequester those compounds for their own defense. [29] [30]

Natural enemies

Lühmann (1939) [9] described a fly predator that consumed the eggs and larvae of P. laticollis and these descriptions suggest that it was the syrphid fly Parasyrphus nigritarsis. He also mentioned the presence of tachinid fly parasitoids that attacked P. laticollis larvae but emerged when the beetle reached the adult stage. These parasitoids might be Medina luctuosa, which others observed attacking P. laticollis adults along with a braconid wasp in the genus Perilitus , [3] which is likely Perilitus brevicollis, a known parasitoid of Phratora vulgatissima . [31] Larvae are also parasitized by Meigenia mutabilis , a tachinid fly [6] The bug Rhacognathus punctatus consumes adult beetles. [3] Most likely, the bug Anthocorus nemorum consumes P. laticollis larvae. [32] The wasp Symmorphus bifasciatus feeds on larvae of Phratora species, including P. laticollis. [33] Overall, many of the same species that feed on P. laticollis also consume other Phratora species and other leaf beetles, which often occur on the same host plants and similar habitats. [32] [34] Some of these enemies appear to be attracted to leaf beetle secretions. [35]

Taxonomy

Species in the genus Phratora are morphologically fairly uniform, but vary substantially in their host plant preferences. [19] Ge (2005) noted that a newly described Phratora species in China, P. quadrithoralis, closely resembles P. laticollis. [36] Within Europe, the closest relative to P. laticollis appears to be another specialist on Populus,P. atrovirens. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf beetle</span> Family of beetles

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue willow beetle</span> Species of beetle

The blue willow beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vulgatissima, is a herbivourous beetle of the family Chrysomelidae. It is dark with a metallic sheen that ranges from a blue color to bronze. It is distinguished from P. vitellinae by the latter more commonly displaying bronze coloration. European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia. The larvae undergo three instar stages from hatching to pupation. This beetle is found throughout Europe and Scandinavia, and occurs in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysomelinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elm leaf beetle</span> Species of beetle

Xanthogaleruca luteola, commonly known as the elm-leaf beetle, is a beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae that is native to Europe but invasive in other parts of the world.

<i>Chrysomela lapponica</i> Species of beetle

The leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica is found in central and northern Europe feeding on leaves of willows and birch. The adult beetles are about 8 mm long and beetles in different regions can have different colour patterns on their elytra.

<i>Chrysomela populi</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela populi is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

<i>Parasyrphus nigritarsis</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus nigritarsis is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. It is known from northern Europe and North America, and has been considered to be a rare species in parts of its range. Adults visit flowers as a source of nutrition, and females lay their eggs on clutches of eggs of leaf beetles. When the Parasyrphus larvae hatch, they first consume leaf beetle eggs and then consume immature beetles until they reach the pupal stage. This species is related to hoverflies that prey on aphids as larvae, and has been investigated in studies of chemical ecology and food web ecology.

<i>Phratora</i> Genus of beetles

Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to Phyllodecta . European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration.

<i>Phratora vitellinae</i> Species of beetle

Phratora vitellinae, the brassy leaf beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vitellinae, is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae found in Europe and Asia. It feeds on Populus and Salix species. The evolution of its host plant preferences and the mechanism by which it uses host plant chemicals to make a larval defensive secretion have been the subject of intense study by research groups in Europe and the Nordic countries.

<i>Proseicela</i> Genus of beetles

Proseicela is a genus of leaf beetles.

<i>Chrysomela aeneicollis</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela aeneicollis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. This organism has been used as a model for studies of natural selection in nature. It is currently being investigated to study effects of environmental change on insect populations, and the evolutionary significance of variation at genes affecting metabolism and the response to stress. It has been included as a study species in the California Conservation Genomics Project, due to its presence in multiple California ecoregions and extensive knowledge of genetic variation, evolutionary ecology, and interactions with other species. Information about its range and comparisons with closely related species can be found in a review of the genus Chrysomela published in the Canadian Entomologist.

Phratora interstitialis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America. This leaf beetle feeds on host plants that are poor in salicylates and is closely related to the European Phratora vulgatissima, which also feeds on salicylate-poor willows.

Phratora hudsonia, the birch leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America. This species is known from Canadian populations at the Great Slave Lake and north shore of Lake Superior. It feeds on birch and is metallic brown in color. It is relatively small in size, like other Phratora species.

<i>Phratora purpurea</i> Species of beetle

Phratora purpurea, the aspen skeletonizer, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found across North America, including Maryland, New York, Ontario, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. It feeds on willows and poplars, and is deep purple or coppery red in color.

<i>Lamprolina</i> Genus of beetles

Lamprolina is an Australian genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) found in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland.

<i>Parasyrphus melanderi</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus melanderi is a flower fly that is best known as a larval predator on the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis in the Sierra Nevada range of California.

<i>Symmorphus cristatus</i>

Symmorphus cristatus is a species of mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae within the family Vespidae. This species is widely distributed in North America, and it preys on the larvae of leaf beetles.

<i>Phratora tibialis</i> Species of beetle

Phratora tibialis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and parts of Asia. This beetle is found on willows and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.

<i>Phratora polaris</i> Species of beetle

Phratora polaris is a species of leaf beetle found in the Nordic regions of Europe., occasionally in Scotland, and Iceland. Some authors have recorded it in central Europe, especially in the Alps. Historically, this species has occurred in Greenland. This beetle is found on willow (Salix) species in the southern part of its range. Populations in Lapland feed on birch.

<i>Doryphora</i> (beetle) Genus of leaf beetles

Doryphora is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. It includes nine species from Central and South America.

References

  1. ↑ Warchalowski, A. (2003) Chrysomelidae. The Leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Warsawa: Natura Optima Dux.
  2. 1 2 Gressitt, J. L.; Kimoto, S. (1963). "The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea, Part 2". Pacific Insects Monograph. 1b: 301–1026.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung Phyllodecta Kirby". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 2: 1–100. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19550020102.
  4. 1 2 Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D. (1984). "Chemical defenses in leaf beetles and their larvae: their ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 12 (4): 395–406. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(84)90071-1. S2CID   83537954.
  5. 1 2 Li, T.; Grauer-Gray, K.; Holopainen, J. K.; Blande, J. D. (2020). "Herbivore gender effects on volatile induction in aspen and on olfactory responses in leaf beetles". Forests. 11 (6): 638. doi: 10.3390/F11060638 .
  6. 1 2 3 "Phratora laticollis Suffrian, 1851". UK Beetle Recording. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  7. 1 2 Warchalowski, A. (1974). "Übersicht der Blattkäfer Bulgariens (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)". Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 44: 473–542.
  8. 1 2 3 Reitter, E. (1912). Fauna Germanica: Die Käfer des deutschen Reiches. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: K.G. Lutz Verlag.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lühmann, M. (1939). "Beiträge zur Biologie der Chrysomeliden. 6. Beobachtungen an Phyllodecta laticollis". Entomologische Blätter. 35: 291–294.
  10. ↑ Von Lengerken, H. (1954). Die Brutfürsorge- und Brutpflegeinstinkte der Käfer. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig.
  11. ↑ Silverberg, H. (1994). "Chrysomelidae in the Arctic". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.). Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 503–510.
  12. ↑ Munster, T. (1935). "Norwegian Chrysomelids". Norsk Entomolgisk Tidsskrift. 4: 1–8.
  13. ↑ Joy, N. H. (1976). A practical handbook of British beetles. Vol. 1. Oxon, England: E.W. Classey Ltd.
  14. ↑ Petitpierre, E. (1988). "Catàleg dels coleopters crisomèlids de Catalunya, III. Chrysomelinae i Galerucinae". Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural. 55: 79–100.
  15. ↑ Gruev, B. (1979). "Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) Jugoslawiens (Unterfamilien: Lamprosomatinae, Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Cassidinae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 26 (1–3): 153–164.
  16. ↑ Chen, S. H. (1965). "On the Chinese species of the chrysomeline genus Phratora". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 2 (3): 218–224.
  17. 1 2 Shuyong, W. (1992). "Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae- Chrysomelinae". Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region. 1 (5): 628–645.
  18. ↑ von Peez, A.; Kahlen, M. (1977). Die Käfer von Südtirol: faunistisches Verzeichnis der aus der Provinz Bozen bisher bekannt gewordenen Koleopteren. Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum. Vol. 2. Innsbruck: Selbstverlag des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Evolution. 52 (2): 517–528. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01651.x. PMID   28568343. S2CID   24641299.
  20. 1 2 Cornelius, H. (1857). "Ernährung und Entwicklung einiger Blattkäfer. 5. Chrysomela (Phratora) vitellinae Lin., tibialis Strm., atro-virens m., vulgatissima Lin., laticollis Suffr" (PDF). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 18: 392–405.
  21. ↑ Gregoire, J. C. (1978). "Discrimination between Salix and Populus by Phyllodecta laticollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 24 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02796.x. S2CID   84125847.
  22. 1 2 Van der Laak, S. (1982). "Physiological adaptations to low temperature in freezing-tolerant Phyllodecta laticollis beetles". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 73 (4): 613–620. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(82)90268-7.
  23. ↑ Somme, L. (1999). "The physiology of cold hardiness in terrestrial arthropods". European Journal of Entomology. 96 (1): 1–10.
  24. ↑ Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Raupp, M. J. (1988). "Plant-derived defense in chrysomelid beetles". In P. Barbosa; D. K. Letourneau (eds.). Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions. New York: Wiley. pp. 235–271.
  25. ↑ Kirsch, Roy; Vogel, Heiko; Muck, Alexander; Vilcinskas, Andreas; Pasteels, Jacques M.; Boland, Wilhelm (2011). "To be or not to be convergent in salicin-based defence in chrysomeline leaf beetle larvae: evidence from Phratora vitellinae salicyl alcohol oxidase". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3225–3232. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0175. PMC   3169026 . PMID   21429930.
  26. ↑ Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Dupont, A. (1983). "Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of chrysomeline larvae". Physiological Entomology. 8 (3): 307–314. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x. S2CID   85066862.
  27. ↑ Rank, N. E.; Köpf, A.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "Host preference and larval performance of the salicylate-using leaf beetle Phratora vitellinae". Ecology. 79 (2): 618–631. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0618:HPALPO]2.0.CO;2.
  28. ↑ Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in Phratora species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Experientia. 49 (11): 1024–1026. doi:10.1007/BF02125653. S2CID   32185705.
  29. ↑ Kuhn, J.; Pettersson, E. M.; Feld, B. K.; Burse, A.; Termonia, A.; Pasteels, J. M.; Boland, W. (2004). "Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (38): 13808–13813. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10113808K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402576101 . PMC   518838 . PMID   15365181.
  30. ↑ Kunert, M.; Søe, A.; Bartram, S.; Discher, S.; Tolzin-Banasch, K.; Nie, L.; David, A.; Pasteels, J.; Boland, W. (2008). "De novo biosynthesis versus sequestration: A network of transport systems supports in iridoid producing leaf beetle larvae both modes of defense". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 38 (10): 895–904. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.06.005. PMID   18687400.
  31. ↑ J.A. Stenberg (2012). "Plant-mediated effects of different Salix species on the performance of the braconid parasitoid Perilitus brevicollis". Biological Control. 60: 54–58. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.004.
  32. 1 2 Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T.; Köpf, A. (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on Salicaceae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox (eds.). Chrysomelidae Biology. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 147–171.
  33. ↑ Budriene, A. (2003). "Prey of Symmorphus wasps (Hymenoptera, Eumeninae) in Lithuania". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 13 (3): 306–310. doi:10.1080/13921657.2003.10512686.
  34. ↑ Cox, M. L. (1994). "The Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitoids of Chrysomelidae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.). Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 419–467.
  35. ↑ Köpf, A.; Rank, N.; Roininen, H.; Tahvanainen, J. (1997). "Defensive larval secretions of leaf beetles attract a specialist predator Parasyrphus nigritarsis". Ecological Entomology. 22 (2): 176–183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.t01-1-00061.x. S2CID   83877801.
  36. ↑ Ge, S. Q.; Li, W. Z.; Yang, X. K. (2005). "Two new species of Phratora Chevrolat from Qinling Mountains, China (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)". Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 81 (1–2): 1–5.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.