Piet Rampedi

Last updated

Piet Rampedi
Born1980or1981(age 43–44)
Nationality South African
Alma mater University of South Africa
Occupation Investigative journalist
Years active2002–present
AwardsCNN African Journalist Award (2012)

Piet Mahasha Rampedi (born 1980 or 1981) is a South African investigative journalist who was the editor of Pretoria News from 2021 to 2023. He has also worked at the City Press , Sunday Times , Sunday Independent , and as the founder and editor of African Times. He began his career in broadcast journalism in 2002.

Contents

Rampedi is best known for having reported two highly prominent stories that were later exposed as hoaxes: in 2014, he co-wrote with Mzilikazi wa Afrika a series of reports about the existence of a so-called rogue unit at the South African Revenue Service, and in 2021, he wrote a series of reports about the Tembisa 10 decuplets. However, other investigative journalism by Rampedi has been widely admired, including his reporting with Adriaan Basson on tenderpreneurship in Limpopo.

Early life and career

Rampedi was born in 1980 or 1981 and grew up in Ga-Mokgwathi, a village in Mopani in present-day Limpopo Province. [1] He decided to become a journalist after a school trip to the SABC's studios in Johannesburg in 1997. [1] He subsequently completed a Bachelor of Arts in communication and political science at the University of South Africa in 2001, and he began his career in broadcast journalism at e.tv, in 2002, and then at the SABC, from 2003. [1] [2]

City Press: 2008–2012

In 2008, Rampedi joined City Press , where he became known for a series of exposés about the commercial interests of rising politician Julius Malema of the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League. [1] In this capacity, he was one of the Mail & Guardian 's 200 Young South Africans in 2010. [1] For three years at City Press, he and Adriaan Basson investigated Malema, in Rampedi's summation because, "When we started suspecting this guy was living beyond his means we went out of our way to find out where his income came from". [3] In 2012, their reporting – which revealed, among other things, Malema's involvement in tenderpreneurship in Limpopo – won the general print news award at the CNN African Journalist Awards in Zambia. [4] [2]

Rampedi's reporting on Malema led him into conflict with Malema and his allies, [5] including Limpopo Premier Cassel Mathale, who publicly criticised Rampedi and questioned his "agenda". [6] On one occasion, at a press conference at Luthuli House, Malema called Rampedi "a small boy" and a "poor, stupid reporter who accepts brown envelopes". [1] In early 2010, ANC Youth League spokesperson Floyd Shivambu attempted to smear City Press's investigative editor, Dumisane Lubisi, who was working with Rampedi on the Malema investigation; Rampedi and several other national journalists subsequently wrote to the ANC and to the South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) to decry the league's intimidation tactics. [7] [8] In December 2011, the ANC rescinded the press accreditation of Rampedi, and of Frank Maponya of the Sowetan , ahead of its provincial elective congress; [9] and Rampedi later said that he had received intimidating phone calls and had contracted a bodyguard while reporting the Malema stories. [3] His editor-in-chief at City Press, Ferial Haffajee, defended him strongly, calling him "the person who makes the politicians go nuts in Limpopo with his forensic coverage of the decline of governance there." [10]

Sunday Times: 2014–2016

After a stint at the Sunday Independent as a senior investigative reporter from 2012, [2] Rampedi became political editor for the Independent Media Group between 2013 and 2014. [11] After that, he joined the Sunday Times.

The rogue unit

In late 2014, Rampedi was the lead journalist [12] on a series of reports that alleged the existence of a so-called rogue unit within the South African Revenue Service (SARS). According to one report, written by Rampedi, Mzilikazi wa Afrika, and Stephan Hofstatter, the unit had spied on citizens, as well as on politicians; another claimed that SARS owned a brothel. The political fall-out from the reporting included the suspension of the entire SARS executive committee – including acting commissioner Ivan Pillay and group executive Johann van Loggerenberg – by Tom Moyane.

In December 2015, the Press Ombudsman found that the reporting had been "inaccurate and unfair"; of Rampedi in particular, the ombudsman said, "Either he was misled by his source, or he deliberately misled the public, his newspaper, as well as this office". [13] The Sunday Times was ordered to retract all stories about the "rogue unit saga" and to apologise publicly in writing to the three men they had implicated: Pillay, van Loggerenberg, and Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan. [14] The paper printed a full-page editorial apology in April 2016, admitting that the paper "had got some things wrong... in particular, we stated some allegations as fact, and gave incomplete information in some cases. In trying to inform you about SARS, we should have provided you with all the dimensions of the story and not overly relied on our sources." [15]

The rogue unit reporting was linked by observers to a campaign by Moyane and his political backers to capture and disable SARS. [12] [16] [17] However, Rampedi maintained the truth of his reporting; as late as 2019, he said on Twitter that the rogue unit had been covered up through "narrative fixing by some media 'cabals'" in the service of Minister Gordhan. [18] [19]

Aftermath

Rampedi resigned from the Sunday Times in 2016. His resignation letter was subsequently posted online at Uncensored Opinion; in it, Rampedi explains:

The reasons for my resignation are, among other things, what I consider to be unethical conduct by the Sunday Times editors and/or Times Media Group in entering into an underhanded deal with Ivan Pillay, Johann Loggerenberg, representatives of Minister Pravin Gordhan and other former SARS officials... a deal with Minister Gordhan and other former SARS officials which seeks to discredit me and all the evidence that may point towards them in respect of the alleged rogue unit activities... [20]

From 2016 to 2019, Rampedi edited African Times, a newspaper he founded. [11] [21] The first edition of the newspaper, published on 31 August 2016 in Limpopo and Gauteng, was hailed by Communications Minister Faith Muthambi. [22] He was also the president of the Forum of Journalists for Transformation, a body founded in 2015 as a "foil" to SANEF, [23] [24] and on 5 November 2018, he replaced Thabiso Kotane as the host of Capricorn FM's weeknight talk show. [25]

Independent Media: 2019–2023

In March 2019, Rampedi returned to Iqbal Survé's Independent Media Group as head of its investigative unit. [26] [27] Later that year, he was appointed as deputy editor of the Sunday Independent. [26] In that capacity, in 2020, he broke an important story about alleged conflicts of interest in COVID-19 procurement in Gauteng, leading to inquiries into the conduct of presidential spokesperson Khusela Diko and provincial minister Bandile Masuku. [28] [29]

On 1 February 2021, Rampedi replaced Valerie Boje as editor of Pretoria News , another Independent Media publication. [30]

Clashes with colleagues

During his early tenure at Independent Media, Rampedi's continued activity on social media led twice to other journalists taking legal action against him. Then, in August 2019, Rampedi accused freelancer Oliver Meth of working as a paid journalist for Cyril Ramaphosa's presidential campaign. [31] Then, in March 2020, after Jacques Pauw wrote a Daily Maverick piece about the rogue unit saga, [32] Rampedi called Pauw a "liar" and "molester"; [33] [34] he also referred to the Daily Maverick as "propaganda media" and to editor Branko Brkic as "a modern-day Joseph Goebbels". [35]

The Tembisa 10

Months into his editorship at Pretoria News, on 8 June 2021, Rampedi wrote and published an exclusive story about Gosiame Sithole, a woman from Tembisa who, according to the story, had given birth to decuplets in a Pretoria hospital, breaking the Guinness World Record for multiple birth. [36] The story was picked up by international outlets. [37] However, the national Department of Health said that it had no record of the birth, leading Rampedi to allege further that government denials were part of "a cover-up of mammoth proportions": "a campaign to cover up medical negligence that involved senior politicians and public servants including Premier David Makhura, [provincial minister Nomathemba] Mokgethi and [ Steve Biko Hospital chief executive Mathabo] Mathebula". [38] The government continued to maintain that the alleged cover-up was more likely a "journalistic error". [39]

For his part, Rampedi maintained the truth of his reports, [40] as did Survé, who later told a media briefing that two of the decuplets had died and another eight had been "trafficked" by a syndicate which appeared to involve government and various public hospitals. [41] The Gauteng Government ultimately said that it would sue Rampedi and Independent Media if they did not retract Rampedia's allegations of a cover-up. [42]

Meanwhile, Independent Media launched several different probes into the editorial and journalistic handling of the story. In October 2021, the Daily Maverick reported that the media company's internal ombudsman had concluded as early as 5 July that Rampedi's reporting "failed to pass the basic principles of journalism" and amounted to a "hoax". [43] An independent external investigation, chaired by advocate Michael Donen, concurred that the story was "reckless" and recommended that Rampedi should be subject to disciplinary action. [44] Although Survé defended Rampedi, saying that "we should cut him some slack" for having "made a mistake" in a "feel good" piece, [44] SANEF said in a statement that Donen's findings confirmed that Rampedi's story "was a clear case of a gross lapse of ethical journalism that has done untold damage to the profession at a time we are rebuilding the trust relationship with the public." [45] Richard Poplak of the Daily Maverick said that Rampedi was "a connoisseur of bullshit, a liar's liar who lies so routinely that he probably doesn't know he's lying anymore." [46]

The Public Protector subsequently launched its own investigation following a complaint by Teboho Tsotetsi, who had been identified as the father of the so-called Tembisa 10. Acting Public Protector Kholeka Gcaleka reported in December 2022 that all available evidence suggested that the decuplets story was false. Rampedi rejected her report, saying:

I still stand by the decuplets story, and believe that in time I will be vindicated. The Acting Public Protector's report looks like nothing but a blunt tool used to legitimise the government's previous denials and desperate cover-ups... The decuplets story was based on months of engagements and work, first-hand accounts of various sources close to Ms Sithole, including friends and relatives, who had no reason to mislead me. They all corroborated it independently from each other... It is sad to see the story turned into a political football to further the ends of undermining my reputation and professional integrity, as well as that of my employers. [47]

Resignation

Rampedi resigned as Pretoria News editor with effect from 1 February 2023. Independent Media did not provide reasons for his departure, calling it "an internal matter". [26]

Related Research Articles

The South African Revenue Service (SARS) is the revenue service of the South African government. It administers the country's tax system and customs service, and enforces compliance with related legislation. It is governed by the SARS Act 34 of 1997, which established it as "an organ of state within the public administration, but as an institution outside the public service." It thus has a significant degree of administrative autonomy, although it is under the policy control of the Minister of Finance. Effectively, SARS manages, administers, and implements the tax regime as designed by the Minister and National Treasury.

Independent Online, popularly known as IOL, is a news website based in South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gwede Mantashe</span> South African Politician

Samson Gwede Mantashe is a South African politician and former trade unionist who is currently serving as the Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy. He was Minister of Mineral Resources from February 2018 to May 2019, when his current portfolio was created. He is also serving his second term as the national chairperson of the African National Congress (ANC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julius Malema</span> South African politician

Julius Sello Malema is a South African politician. He is the founder and leader of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), a populist far-left political party known for the red berets and military-style outfits worn by its members. Before foundation of EFF, he served as president of the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) from 2008 until his expulsion from the party in 2012.

The Sunday Independent is a weekly English-language newspaper based in Gauteng, South Africa. It is one of the titles under the Independent News & Media South Africa group acquired by the Sekunjalo Media Consortium largely funded by Chinese state media and was owned previously by Independent News & Media. The paper is distributed mainly in the Gauteng region, but is distributed across South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pravin Gordhan</span> South African politician (born 1949)

Pravin Jamnadas Gordhan is a politician and anti-apartheid activist who has held various ministerial posts in the Cabinet of South Africa. He served as Minister of Finance from 2009 until 2014 and again from 2015 until 2017, as Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs from 2014 until 2015, and as Minister of Public Enterprises since February 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mzilikazi wa Afrika</span> South African journalist (born 1971)

Leonard Mzilikazi Ndzukula, better known as Mzilikazi wa Afrika, is a South African investigative journalist who worked for the Sunday Times newspaper. He resigned with a colleague, Stephan Hofstatter, in October 2018 after the newspaper publicly apologised for a number of stories they wrote between 2011 and 2016 which were found to be not reflecting an honest truth. He is a multi-award winning journalist, a music producer and also the author of Nothing Left to Steal.

Cassel Mathale is a South African politician who was the third Premier of Limpopo between March 2009 and July 2013. He is currently the Deputy Minister of Police in the South African government and before that was Deputy Minister of Small Business Development from February 2018 to May 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic Freedom Fighters</span> Far-left political party in South Africa

The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a South African communist and black nationalist political party. It was founded by expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) president Julius Malema, and his allies, in 2013. Malema is president of the EFF, heading the Central Command Team, which serves as the central structure of the party. It is currently the third-largest party in both houses of the Parliament of South Africa. The party is also the official opposition in three of South Africa's nine provincial legislatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sekunjalo Investments</span> South African private equity firm

Sekunjalo Investment Holdings is a South Africa-based private equity firm specializing in acquisitions, PIPEs, and buyouts. It has principal operations in publishing, Internet, fishing, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, telecommunication, financial services, aquaculture, biotechnology, enterprise development, events management, travel. The company was founded by Iqbal Survé in 1996 with the aim of investing and assisting black-owned businesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Floyd Shivambu</span> South African politician

Nyiko Floyd Shivambu is a South African politician serving as a member of parliament for the Economic Freedom Fighters. He was born in Malamulele, Limpopo. He is the Deputy President and lieutenant commander-in-chief of the Economic Freedom Fighters, its Parliamentary Chief Whip in the South African Parliament, who serves in the Trade and Industry Portfolio Committee and the Standing Committee on Finance. Shivambu is also a Member of the Pan African Parliament, serving in the Rural Economy, Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawks (South Africa)</span> Law enforcement agency

The Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI), commonly known as the Hawks, is the branch of the South African Police Service which investigates organised crime, economic crime, corruption, and other serious crime referred to it by the President or another division of the police. The unit was established in 2008 by President Jacob Zuma to replace the disbanded Scorpions.

Iqbal Survé is a South African entrepreneur, billionaire, medical doctor, and self-professed philanthropist. He is the Chairman of Sekunjalo Investment Holdings, a diversified investment firm based in Cape Town, and the Chairman of Independent Media, one of South Africa's largest media companies. Survé is a controversial figure linked to Jacob Zuma and has been accused of editorial interference across Independent Media titles. He has also reportedly failed to repay loans from the government-controlled Public Investment Corporation and has been accused of using pensioners' money to fund his companies, his lifestyle and his property portfolio.

The Gupta family is a wealthy and influential business family from India, with close ties to former South African President Jacob Zuma and his administration. The family's most notable members are the brothers Ajay, Atul, and Rajesh "Tony" Gupta—as well as Atul's nephews Varun, and US-based Ashish and Amol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Busisiwe Mkhwebane</span> Former Public Protector of South Africa

Busisiwe Mkhwebane is a South African advocate and prosecutor who has been a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa since October 2023, representing the Economic Freedom Fighters. She served as the 4th Public Protector of South Africa from October 2016 until her impeachment in September 2023. She is the first head of a Chapter 9 institution to be removed through impeachment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams</span> South African politician

Stella Tembisa Ndabeni-Abrahams is a South African politician who is currently serving as the Minister of Small Business Development since 5 August 2021. She previously served as Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies from November 2018 to August 2021. She is a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC) and a National Working Committee (NWC) of the African National Congress (ANC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinky Kekana</span> South African politician (born 1966)

Pinky Sharon Kekana is a South African politician who currently serves as the Deputy Minister in the Presidency. She was appointed to the national executive in February 2018 when President Cyril Ramaphosa named her Deputy Minister of Communications, an office she held until she was appointed to her current position in August 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VBS Mutual Bank</span> Defunct South African mutual bank

VBS Mutual Bank was a South African mutual bank. In 2018 it was declared insolvent and bankrupt and placed under curatorship, with South African citizens and taxpayers defrauded out of roughly R2 billion.

Dipuo Bertha Letsatsi-Duba is a South African politician who is currently serving as South African Ambassador to Turkey. She served as Minister of State Security in the first cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa from February 2018 to May 2019. Before that, she was Deputy Minister of Public Service and Administration from March 2017 to February 2018.

Bejani Chauke is a South African political strategist who was the principal political advisor to the President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, from 2018. He is also known for managing the CR17 campaign that secured Ramaphosa's election as president of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC's 54th National Conference in December 2017. He was formerly a political advisor to Thandi Modise while she was Premier of the North West and Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces. In November 2022, the Financial Mail reported that Chauke had resigned as Ramaphosa's political advisor amid his campaign for election as ANC Treasurer-General at the party's 55th National Conference.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "200 Young South Africans: Media". The Mail & Guardian. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 "CNN African Journalist of the Year Competition". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  3. 1 2 Nicolson, Greg (23 July 2012). "The price of investigating Julius Malema". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  4. "South Africans shine at CNN Multichoice African Journalist Awards". The Media Online. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  5. "Limpopo premier takes aim at City Press editor". The Mail & Guardian. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  6. Brkic, Branko (3 March 2010). "Malema, at 29, claims eternal roots in poverty". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  7. "News hounds bite back". The Mail & Guardian. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  8. "Editors lash youth league's blackmail attempt". The Mail & Guardian. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  9. "City Press journalist blocked from ANC's Limpopo congress". News24. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  10. Haffajee, Ferial (3 July 2011). "Piet makes the premier go nuts". City Press. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  11. 1 2 "Independent Media appoints new editor for Pretoria News". Media Update. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  12. 1 2 Herbst, Ed (27 October 2020). "Our newspaper story: 'Behind the headlines in an era of state capture'". The Media Online. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  13. Thamm, Marianne (16 December 2015). "Gordhan vs Sunday Times: Press Ombudsman finds paper in breach, delivers a damning judgment". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  14. "Press Ombudsman slams Sunday Times for 'unfair' Sars reports". News24. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  15. Thamm, Marianne (3 April 2016). "House of Cards: What does the Sunday Times apology mean for the rest of the pack?". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  16. Pauw, Jacques (8 December 2020). "Public Protector & 'rogue unit': How a big lie became a bigger and bigger lie". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  17. "Uncaptured: Newsroom weaknesses and the trap of false narratives". The Mail & Guardian. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  18. Friedman, Daniel (8 July 2019). "I was violated for five years for exposing 'rogue unit' – Piet Rampedi". The Citizen. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  19. Friedman, Daniel (14 October 2019). "'Rogue unit' journalist Rampedi launches petition for judicial inquiry into 'media capture' by 'cabals'". The Citizen. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  20. "#SAPressFreedomDay: Piet Rampedi's Resignation Letter From Sunday Times". Uncensored Opinion. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  21. Pauw, Jacques (16 October 2018). "Exposing the puppet masters behind the Sunday Times scandal". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  22. "Minister Faith Muthambi congratulates African Times on its first edition". South African Government. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  23. Pijoos, Iavan (23 November 2016). "Black journalists treated like 'disposable nappies' – Rampedi". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  24. "Media bargaining council mooted". The Mail & Guardian. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  25. "Piet Rampedi takes over Capricorn FM Talk". Capricorn FM. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  26. 1 2 3 "Piet Rampedi, driving force behind 'Tembisa 10' decuplets story, resigns as Pretoria News editor". News24. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  27. Thamm, Marianne (29 April 2019). "Discredited Sunday Times journalists find new home at Iqbal Survé's media empire". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  28. "Newspaper stands by PPE story, won't retract it or apologise to Dikos". The Citizen. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  29. "Presidency spokesperson Khusela Diko takes leave of absence". SABC News. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  30. "Piet Rampedi takes over as editor of Pretoria News". Pretoria News. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  31. Etheridge, Jenna (19 August 2019). "CR17 twitter spat between media colleagues ends in death threats, internal complaint". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  32. Pauw, Jacques (17 February 2020). "Malema and Rampedi spin outlandish new 'rogue unit' narrative". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  33. Maphanga, Canny (3 March 2020). "Rampedi won't apologise over 'molester' comments, Pauw's lawyer drafting papers". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  34. "Jacques Pauw sues Piet Rampedi for R500 000 over 'child molester' social media posts". News24. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  35. Davis, Rebecca (19 February 2020). "Jacques Pauw takes legal action against Piet Rampedi over Twitter allegations". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  36. Rampedi, Piet Mahasha (8 June 2021). "Gauteng woman gives birth to 10 children, breaks Guinness World Record". Pretoria News. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  37. "South African woman gives birth to 10 babies in Pretoria – reports". BBC News. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  38. Rampedi, Piet Mahasha (17 June 2021). "Tembisa decuplets: State's 'mammoth cover-up'". Pretoria News. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  39. Maphanga, Canny (18 June 2021). "'Tembisa 10': Health dept insists there is no record of babies, suggests 'journalistic error'". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  40. Bhengu, Lwandile (22 June 2021). "'Tembisa 10': Piet Rampedi pens apology to Independent Media staff for baby saga". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  41. "'Tembisa 10': Survé's 'gynae' outed as a fraud by medical body". The Citizen. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  42. "'Tembisa 10': Govt to sue Piet Rampedi, Independent Media". News24. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  43. Davis, Rebecca (29 October 2021). "Independent Media's internal report on Piet Rampedi's decuplets story found it was a hoax and demanded an apology". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  44. 1 2 Monama, Tebogo (27 October 2021). "Tembisa 10: 'Reckless to publish the story' – advocate recommends disciplinary action against Piet Rampedi". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  45. Maphanga, Canny (29 October 2021). "Tembisa 10: Independent Media story 'a gross lapse of ethical journalism', says Sanef". News24. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  46. Poplak, Richard (27 October 2021). "Decupleting from reality: Iqbal Survé and Piet Rampedi leave Earth for Planet QAnon". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  47. "Piet Rampedi sticks to his guns – says Public Protector's decuplets findings 'deeply flawed'". The Citizen. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.