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Pleural empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria. Often it happens in the context of a pneumonia, injury, or chest surgery. It is one of the various kinds of pleural effusion. There are three stages: exudative, when there is an increase in pleural fluid with or without the presence of pus; fibrinopurulent, when fibrous septa form localized pus pockets; and the final organizing stage, when there is scarring of the pleura membranes with possible inability of the lung to expand. Simple pleural effusions occur in up to 40% of bacterial pneumonias. They are usually small and resolve with appropriate antibiotic therapy. If however an empyema develops additional intervention is required.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. Causes, in order of frequency,include: 1) a gallstone impacted in the common bile duct beyond the point where the pancreatic duct joins it; 2) heavy alcohol use; 3) systemic disease; 4) trauma; 5) and, in minors, mumps. Acute pancreatitis may be a single event; it may be recurrent; or it may progress to chronic pancreatitis.
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MELD-Plus is a risk score to assess severity of chronic liver disease that was resulted from a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and IBM. The score includes nine variables as effective predictors for 90-day mortality after a discharge from a cirrhosis-related admission. The variables include all Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)'s components, as well as sodium, albumin, total cholesterol, white blood cell count, age, and length of stay.
In medicine, the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index is a measure of overall severity of comorbidities, predicting hospital length of stay, hospital charges, and in-hospital mortality. The higher the score, the higher the predicted hospital resource use and mortality rate are. For a physician, this score is helpful in deciding how aggressively to treat a condition.
References
- 1 2 3 Fine, MJ; Auble, TE; Yealy, DM; Hanusa, BH; Weissfeld, LA; Singer, DE; Coley, CM; Marrie, TJ; Kapoor, WN; et al. (Jan 1997). "A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia". N Engl J Med. 336 (4): 243–250. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 . PMID 8995086.
- ↑ Mark Williams; Scott A. Flanders; Winthrop F. Whitcomb (28 September 2007). Comprehensive hospital medicine: an evidence based approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-1-4160-0223-9 . Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- ↑ Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, et al. (October 2010). "Severity assessment tools for predicting mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Systematic review and meta-analysis". Thorax. 65 (10): 878–83. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.133280 . PMID 20729231.
- 1 2 3 4 Scott Kahan (1 January 2003). In a Page Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4051-0325-1. Page 40
- ↑ "NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Guidelines for the Empiric Management of Adult Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and IV to PO Conversion" (PDF). May 6, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ↑ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. (2018). "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Clinical Decision Support Implementation Toolkit. Content last reviewed January 2018".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America (2019). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia: An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 200 (7): e45–e67. doi:10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST. PMC 6812437 . PMID 31573350.
- 1 2 Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. (2005). "Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia". Am. J. Med. 118 (4): 384–92. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.006. PMID 15808136.