Police riot

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Helmet and baton used by Chicago police officers during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, where the term "police riot" was popularized Chicago Police helmet & billy-club b.jpg
Helmet and baton used by Chicago police officers during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, where the term "police riot" was popularized

A police riot is a riot carried out by the police; more specifically, it is a riot that police are responsible for instigating, escalating or sustaining as a violent confrontation. Police riots are often characterized by widespread police brutality, and they may be done for the purpose of political repression. [1] [2]

Contents

The term "police riot" was popularized after its use in the Walker Report, which investigated the events surrounding the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago to describe the "unrestrained and indiscriminate" violence that Chicago Police Department officers "inflicted upon persons who had broken no law, disobeyed no order, made no threat." [3] [4] [5] During the 2020 George Floyd protests, columnist Jamelle Bouie wrote in The New York Times that a police riot is "an assertion of power and impunity" that "does more to inflame and agitate protesters than it does to calm the situation and bring order to the streets." [6]

History

United States

Haymarket Riot

During the early years of labor union organizing, police violence was frequently used in efforts to quell protesting workers. One notable incident took place in May 1886, when police killed four striking workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago. The following day, a peaceful demonstration in Haymarket Square erupted in violence when a bomb was thrown, killing eight policemen. Other police then opened fire, before or after they were fired on by people in the crowd (accounts vary) killing at least four demonstrators and wounding an undetermined number, in an event known as the Haymarket Riot; the events have been referred to as a police riot.[ citation needed ]

Bloody Thursday

In July 1934, police in San Francisco were involved in several encounters with striking longshore workers. After two picketers were killed, the other area unions joined together and called a general strike of all workers (the "Big Strike"). Subsequent criticism of the police was probably the occasion for the coining of the term "police riot". [7]

Vietnam War protests

During the Vietnam War, anti-war demonstrators frequently clashed with police, who were equipped with billy clubs and tear gas. The demonstrators claimed that the attacks were unprovoked; the authorities claimed the demonstrators were rioting. The most notorious of these assaults, which was shown on television and which included national television reporters in the chaos, took place during the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which was the scene of significant anti-war street protests. The actions of the police were later described as a police riot by the Walker Report to the U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. [8]

White Night Riots

On May 21, 1979, in response to early demonstrations and unrest at San Francisco City Hall following the sentencing of Dan White for the killings of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, members of the San Francisco Police Department descended on the Castro District. With tape over their numbers they destroyed a gay bar and indiscriminately attacked civilians. Many patrons were beaten by police in riot gear, some two dozen arrests were made, and a number of people later sued the SFPD for their actions.

Tompkins Square Park police riot

In August 1988, a riot erupted in Tompkins Square Park in the East Village of New York City when police, some mounted on horseback, attempted to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people, reporters, and political activists were caught up in the police action that took place during the night of August 6–7. Videotape evidence, provided by onlookers and participants, showed seemingly unprovoked violent acts by the police, as well as a number of officers having covered up or removed their names and badge numbers from their uniforms. The footage was broadcast on local television, resulting in widespread public awareness. In an editorial The New York Times dubbed the incident a "police riot". [9]

Castro Sweep

On October 6, 1989, about 200 members of the San Francisco Police Department initiated a police riot in the Castro District following a peaceful march held by ACT UP to protest the United States government's actions during the ongoing AIDS pandemic. The event was the first large-scale confrontation between the city's LGBT community and the police since the White Night riots a decade earlier and resulted in 53 arrests and 14 people injured.

1999 Seattle Protests

The term police riot has been applied by some to the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, where police clad in riot gear used clubs, tear gas and projectiles to disperse groups of protesters. [10] [11] [12]

2014 Ferguson protests

During the Ferguson unrest, police clad in riot gear used clubs, tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse crowds of protesters in Ferguson. Long Range Acoustic Devices and armored vehicles were heavily utilized to subdue protesters, and police threatened journalists and human rights workers on the scene. Some sources and observers described the event as a police riot, though the police denied any wrongdoing or police riot. [13] [14] [15] [16]

George Floyd protests

Police were accused in multiple cities of instigating unprovoked violence with persons who protested the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Democratic Socialist Virginia State Rep. Lee J. Carter criticized police actions as a "police riot". [17] [18] [19]

Videos from multiple cities showed police using tear gas, pepper spray, and rubber bullets on protesters. In Seattle, a line of police officers attacked a crowd of protesters when a protester would not relinquish her umbrella. [20] [21] In Richmond, Virginia, police ended four days of peaceful protest by attacking protesters with pepper spray; police later admitted it was an "unwarranted action" and mayor Levar Stoney apologized, saying "we violated your rights." [22]

Racial patterns

Civilian characteristics

According to The Guardian's database, in 2016 the rate of fatal police shootings per million was 10.13 for Native Americans, 6.6 for black people, 3.23 for Hispanics; 2.9 for white people and 1.17 for Asians. [23] In absolute numbers, police kill more white people than any other race or ethnicity, understood in light of the fact that white people make up the largest proportion of the US population. [24] As a percentage of the U.S. population, black Americans were 2.5 times more likely than whites to be killed by the police in 2015. [24] A 2015 study found that unarmed black people were 3.49 times more likely to be shot by police than were unarmed white people. [25] Another study published in 2016 concluded that the mortality rate of legal interventions among black and Hispanic people was 2.8 and 1.7 times higher than that among white people. Another 2015 study concluded that black people were 2.8 times more likely to be killed by police than whites. They also concluded that black people were more likely to be unarmed than white people who were in turn more likely to be unarmed than Hispanic people shot by the police. [26] [27] A 2018 study in the American Journal of Public Health found the mortality rate by police per 100,000 was 1.9 to 2.4 for black men, 0.8 to 1.2 for Hispanic men and 0.6 to 0.7 for white men. [28]

The table below gives recent CDC statistics showing the proportions of fatal police shootings and all firearm deaths by race. [29]

Firearm deaths and fatal police shootings by race (for year 2019) [29]
WhiteBlackAsianIndigenous
Population255,040,20346,599,39321,814,7244,785,203
 % of total77.7%14.2%6.6%1.5%
All firearm deaths28,04110,555679432
 % of total70.6%26.6%1.7%1.1%
Fatally shot by police3551222320
 % of total68.3%23.5%4.4%3.8%

A 2016 working paper in the National Bureau of Economic Research by economist Roland G. Fryer, Jr. found that while overall "blacks are 21 percent more likely than whites to be involved in an interaction with police in which at least a weapon is drawn" and that in the raw data from New York City's Stop and Frisk program "blacks and Hispanics are more than fifty percent more likely to have an interaction with police which involves any use of force" after "[p]artitioning the data in myriad ways, we find no evidence of racial discrimination in officer-involved shootings." [31] A 2020 study by political scientists disputed the findings by Fryer, saying that if police had a higher threshold for stopping whites, this might mean that the whites, Hispanics and blacks in Fryer's data are not similar. [32] Nobel-laureate James Heckman and Steven Durlauf, both University of Chicago economists, published a response to the Fryer study, writing that the paper "does not establish credible evidence on the presence or absence of discrimination against African Americans in police shootings" due to issues with selection bias. [33] Fryer responded by saying Durlauf and Heckman erroneously claim that his sample is "based on stops". Further, he states that the "vast majority of the data...is gleaned from 911 calls for service in which a civilian requests police presence." [34]

United Kingdom

Battle of the Beanfield

During an attempt to enforce an exclusion zone around Stonehenge, Wiltshire, in 1985, the police entered the field where a group of travelers known as the Peace Convoy were being detained and began damaging their vehicles and beating the occupants. [35] The travelers eventually sued the Wiltshire police force for wrongful arrest, assault and criminal damage. [36]

Hong Kong

2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Stark, Rodney (1972). Police Riots; Collective Violence and Law Enforcement. Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN   978-0-534-00145-2 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ Escobar, Edward J. (March 1993). "The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971". The Journal of American History. 79 (4): 1483–1514. doi:10.2307/2080213. ISSN   0021-8723. JSTOR   2080213.
  3. ↑ Summary of the Walker Report, http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_chicago7_doc_13.html
  4. ↑ McDONALD, JOSEPH (1969). "Chicago, 1968: "Rights in Conflict" and rights in conflict". RQ. 9 (2): 124–127. ISSN   0033-7072. JSTOR   25823681.
  5. ↑ Chiasson, Lloyd (1995). The Press in Times of Crisis. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-29364-1 – via Google Books.
  6. ↑ "The Police Are Rioting. We Need to Talk About It". The New York Times. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.]
  7. ↑ Walker, Samuel (1977). A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. p. 147. ISBN   978-0-669-01292-7.
  8. ↑ "The Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial: Historical Documents: Walker Report summary". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on February 24, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Opinion | Yes, a Police Riot". The New York Times. August 26, 1988 – via NYTimes.com.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Rick (December 9, 1999). "Protesters Riot, Police Riot: The Mayor and the Police Chief Gambled and Lost During the WTO". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  11. ↑ Solnit, David (July 30, 2008). "The Battle for Reality". Yes! Magazine. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  12. ↑ Feffer, Richard S. (2008). Mainstream and Alternative News in Seattle: A Comparative Media Frame Analysis of WTO Protest Coverage (Master's thesis). Illinois State University.
  13. ↑ Weiler, Jonathan (August 15, 2014). "American Police State(s)". Huffington Post.
  14. ↑ "Snapshot: Prelude to a Police Riot". The Nation. September 1, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  15. ↑ Cameron, Dell (August 14, 2014). "Journalists livetweet their arrests by Ferguson Police". The Daily Dot.
  16. ↑ Reeser, Andrew (August 15, 2014). "Moment of silence, rally held in Greenville in wake of MO shooting". WFSB Eyewitness News 3. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  17. ↑ Solnit, Rebecca (June 1, 2020). "As the George Floyd protests continue, let's be clear where the violence is coming from | Rebecca Solnit". The Guardian– via www.theguardian.com.
  18. ↑ Pierce, Charles P. (June 1, 2020). "All Weekend, All Over the Country, We Saw a Police Riot". Esquire.
  19. ↑ Carter, Lee [@carterforva] (June 1, 2020). "The concept of a police riot is a new one for a lot of people, but we're living through a national one right now. https://t.co/w17a5S0qFv https://t.co/ipuIJSqVi2" (Tweet). Retrieved December 25, 2020– via Twitter.
  20. ↑ Converge Media [@WWConverge] (June 2, 2020). "#Flashpoint on Capitol Hill - @MayorJenny @komonews @KIRO7Seattle @KING5Seattle @Q13FOX @seattletimes @jseattle @AP https://t.co/WMoDd76A16" (Tweet). Retrieved December 25, 2020– via Twitter.
  21. ↑ "Slog AM: Police Pepper Spray Protesters Over Pink Umbrella, Escalating Fourth Day of Police Brutality Protests". The Stranger.
  22. ↑ "Richmond mayor apologizes to angry crowd after police tear gassed protesters ahead of curfew Monday". June 2, 2020.
  23. ↑ "The Counted: people killed by the police in the US". The Guardian. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  24. 1 2 Palma, Bethania (September 22, 2016). "Do Police Kill More White People Than Black People?". Snopes. As The Post noted in a new analysis, that means black Americans are 2.5 times as likely as white Americans to be shot and killed by police officers.
  25. ↑ Ross, Cody T.; Hills, Peter James (November 5, 2015). "A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011–2014". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0141854. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041854R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141854 . PMC   4634878 . PMID   26540108.
  26. ↑ DeGue, Sarah; Fowler, Katherine A.; Calkins, Cynthia (2016). "Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 51 (5): S173 –S187. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.027. PMC   6080222 . PMID   27745606.
  27. ↑ Buehler, James W. (2016-12-20). "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Lethal Force by US Police, 2010–2014". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (2): 295–297. doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303575. ISSN   0090-0036. PMC   5227943 . PMID   27997230.
  28. ↑ Edwards, Frank; Esposito, Michael H.; Lee, Hedwig (2018-07-19). "Risk of Police-Involved Death by Race/Ethnicity and Place, United States, 2012–2018". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (9): e1 –e8. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304559. ISSN   0090-0036. PMC   6085013 . PMID   30024797.
  29. 1 2 "Underlying Cause of Death, 1999". wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-04. All firearm deaths = Cause of death containing 'gun' or 'firearm'. Fatally shot by police = 'Legal intervention involving firearm discharge'. Fatal shootings by police accounted for less than 1.4% of all firearm deaths.
  30. ↑ Fryer, Roland Gerhard (June 2019). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force". Journal of Political Economy . 127 (3): 1210–1261. doi:10.1086/701423. ISSN   0022-3808. OCLC   8118094562. S2CID   158634577.
  31. ↑ Fryer, Roland Gerhard (July 2016). An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force (PDF) (Report). NBER Working Papers. doi: 10.3386/w22399 . OCLC   956328193. S2CID   158634577. W22399. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-31. [30]
  32. ↑ Knox, Dean; Lowe, Will; Mummolo, Jonathan (2021-10-12) [written 20-09-11]. "Can Racial Bias in Policing Be Credibly Estimated Using Data Contaminated by Post-Treatment Selection?" (PDF). Social Science Research Network . Elsevier. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3940802 . OCLC   9296258986 . Retrieved 2025-01-25.
  33. ↑ Durlauf, Steven Neil; Heckman, James Joseph (2020-07-21). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Comment". Journal of Political Economy . 128 (10). University of Chicago: 3998–4002. doi:10.1086/710976. ISSN   0022-3808. OCLC   8672021465. S2CID   222811199. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  34. ↑ Fryer, Roland Gerhard (2020-07-21). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Response". Journal of Political Economy . 128 (10). University of Chicago: 4003–4008. doi:10.1086/710977. ISSN   0022-3808. OCLC   8672034484. S2CID   222813143. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  35. ↑ Ed. Andy Worthington, 2005, The Battle of the Beanfield, Enabler Publications, ISBN   0-9523316-6-7
  36. ↑ Carey, Jim (1997) [written 1995]. "A Criminal Culture?". Towards 2012: Culture and Language. III. The Unlimited Dream Company. ISBN   189986606X. ISSN   1359-2815 . Retrieved 2024-01-25.
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