Polyneoptera

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Polyneoptera
Polyneoptera montage 2.0.jpg
All polyneoptera extant orders:

row 1: Zoraptera , Dermaptera
row 2: Plecoptera , Orthoptera
row 3: Grylloblattodea , Mantophasmatodea
row 4: Phasmatodea , Embioptera
row 5: Mantodea , Blattodea

Contents

Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
(unranked): Dicondylia
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Cohort: Polyneoptera
Martynov, 1923 [1]
Orders

See text

Synonyms
  • Gryllones
  • Orthoptères
  • Orthopteroid Orders
  • Orthopteroidea
  • Orthopterodea
  • Paurometabola
  • Polyneopterata
  • Plecopterodea

The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no pupa, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages. [2] Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).

Taxonomy

Extant

The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera: [3]

Fossil

The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera: [3]

Phylogeny

The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019: [10]

Polyneoptera

Zoraptera (angel insects) Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg

Dermaptera (earwigs) Earwig on white background.jpg

Plecoptera (stoneflies) Neoperla clymene hor.png

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Gryllidae usda.png

Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers) Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg

Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Mantophasma zephyra (white background).jpg

Phasmatodea (stick insects) Stick insect line diagram.png

Embioptera (webspinners) Embia major hor.png

Dictyoptera

Mantodea (mantises) Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png

Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera. [4]

References

  1. ↑ Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88–89.
  2. ↑ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  3. 1 2 David Eades. "Polyneoptera". Polyneoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  4. ↑ Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates (3539): 1–10. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2.
  5. ↑ Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021). "A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3): 641–646. doi: 10.4202/app.00879.2021 .
  6. ↑ Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa". Far Eastern Entomologist. 277: 1–46.
  7. ↑ Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
  8. ↑ Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 601–622. Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..601P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468. S2CID   84407734.
  9. ↑ Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.). "Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1402Y. doi:10.1002/spp2.1402. ISSN   2056-2799.
  10. ↑ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817794116 . PMC   6386694 . PMID   30642969.
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