Protorthoptera

Protorthoptera Temporal range: 318–299  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Carboniferous
Hadentomum americanum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Cohort:	Polyneoptera
Order:	† Protorthoptera Handlirsch, 1906
Families
See text
Synonyms
Cacurgida Paraplecoptera Protoblattodea Protoblattoidea

The Protorthoptera are an extinct order of Palaeozoic insects, and represent a wastebasket taxon and paraphyletic assemblage of basal neoptera ^{[ citation needed ]}. They appear during the Middle Carboniferous (late Serpukhovian or early Bashkirian), making them among the earliest known winged insects in the fossil record. Pronotal lobes may be expanded to form a shield. The group includes the ancestors of all other polyneopterous insects.

Families and genera

Protorthoptera ^[1]

• †Adeloneuridae Carpenter, 1938
  • † Adeloneura Carpenter, 1938
• †Anthracoptilidae Handlirsch, 1922
  • † Anthracoptilus Lameere, 1917
• †Anthracothremmidae Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Anthracothremma Scudder, 1885
  • † Melinophlebia Handlirsch, 1911
  • † Pericalyphe Handlirsch, 1911
  • † Silphion Handlirsch, 1911
• †Apithanidae Handlirsch, 1911
  • † Apithanus Handlirsch, 1911
• †Asyncritidae Handlirsch, 1911
  • † Asyncritus Handlirsch, 1911
• †Blattinopsidae Bolton, 1925 (synonym Oryctoblattinidae Handlirsch, 1906)
  • † Blattinopsis Giebel, 1867
  • † Glaphyrokoris Richardson, 1956
  • † Glaphyrophlebia Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Protoblattiniella Meunier, 1912
• †Cheliphlebidae Handlirsch, 1911
  • † Cheliphlebia Scudder, 1885
• †Cymbopsidae Kukalova, 1965
  • † Cymbopsis Kukalova, 1965
• †Epimastacidae
• †Eucaenidae Handlirsch, 1906 (synonym Teneopteridae)
  • † Eucaenus Scudder, 1885
• †Hadentomidae Handlirsch, 1906 (synonym Hadentomoidea Handlirsch, 1906)
  • † Fabreciella
  • † Fayoliella
  • † Hadentomum Handlirsch, 1906
• †Hapalopteridae Handlirsch, 1906 (synonym Aenigmatodidae Handlirsch, 1906 & Hapalopteroidea Handlirsch, 1906)
  • † Aenigmatodes Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Hapaloptera Handlirsch, 1906
• †Heteroptilidae Carpenter, 1977
  • † Heteroptilon Carpenter, 1977
• †Homalophlebiidae Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Homalophlebia Brongniart, 1893
  • † Parahomalophlebia Handlirsch, 1906
• †Homoeodictyidae
  • † Homoeodictyon Carpenter, 1992
• †Pachytylopsidae
  • † Pachytylopsis Borre, 1875
  • † Protopachytylopsis Laurentiaux & Laurentiaux-Vieira, 1981
  • † Symballophlebia Handlirsch, 1904
• †Stenoneuridae
  • † Eoblattina Bolton, 1925
  • † Stenoneura Brongniart, 1893
• †Stereopteridae Carpenter, 1950
  • † Stereopterum Carpenter, 1950
• †Strephocladidae Martynov, 1938
  • † Homocladus Carpenter, 1966
  • † Paracladus Carpenter, 1966
  • † Strephocladus Scudder, 1885
• †Stygnidae Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Stygne Handlirsch, 1906
• †Thoronysididae
  • † Thoronysis Carpenter, 1992
• † Incertae sedis
  • † Acridites Germar, 1842
  • † Adiphlebia Scudder, 1885
  • † Agogoblattina Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Anthrakoris Richardson, 1956
  • † Archaeologus Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Archimastax Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Atava Sellards, 1909
  • † Axiologus Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Chrestotes Scudder, 1868
  • † Commentrya Lameere, 1917
  • † Didymophleps Scudder, 1885
  • † Endoiasmus Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Geraroides Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Gyrophlebia Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Hemerista Dana, 1864
  • † Lecopterum Sellards, 1909
  • † Megalometer Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Metacheliphlebia Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Miamia Dana, 1864
  • † Palaeocixius Brongniart, 1893
  • † Polyetes Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Pruvostia Bolton, 1921
  • † Pseudogerarus Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Pseudopolyernus Handlirsch, 1906
  • † Ptenodera Bolton, 1922
  • † Schuchertiella Handlirsch, 1911

References

1. order †Protorthoptera, Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 20 October 2021)

• Carpenter, F. M. 1992. Superclass Hexapoda. Volume 3 of Part R, Arthropoda 4; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America.
• Grimaldi, David & Engel, Michael S. (2005-05-16). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-82149-5.