Panorpida

Panorpida
Celastrina argiolus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Clade:	Aparaglossata
Superorder:	Panorpida
Clades
Amphiesmenoptera Antliophora

Panorpida or Mecopterida is a Superorder of Holometabola. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely the reduction or loss of the ovipositor and several internal characteristics, including a muscle connecting a pleuron and the first axillary sclerite at the base of the wing, various features of the larval maxilla and labium, and basal fusion of CuP and A1 veins in the hind wings. ^{[1] [2]} The monophyly of the Panorpida is supported by recent molecular data. ^{[3] [4]}

Holometabola	Hymenopterida Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) Aparaglossata Neuropteroidea Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) Neuroptera (lacewings and allies) Coleopterida Coleoptera (beetles) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Panorpida Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Antliophora
(Endopterygota)

Antliophora

The Panorpid clade Antliophora contains one of the major phylogenetic puzzles among the Insecta. It is unclear as of 2020 whether the Mecoptera (scorpionflies and allies) form a single clade, or whether the Siphonaptera (fleas) are inside that clade, so that the traditional "Mecoptera" is paraphyletic. However the earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to the Boreidae (snow scorpionflies) ^{[5] [6] [7]} is not supported; instead, there is the possibility that they are sister to another Mecopteran family, the Nannochoristidae of the Southern hemisphere. The two possible trees are shown below: ^[8]

(a) Mecoptera is paraphyletic, containing Siphonaptera: ^[8]

Antliophora	Diptera (true flies) Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.) Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.) Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.) Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.)

(b) Mecoptera is monophyletic, sister to Siphonaptera ^[8]

Antliophora	Diptera (true flies) Mecoptera Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp.) Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.) Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.)

References

1. Kristensen, Niels Peder (1975). "The phylogeny of hexapod "orders". A critical review of recent accounts". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 1 (13): 1–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x .
2. Kristensen, Niels Peder (1991). "Phylogeny of extant hexapods". Insects of Australia: 126–140.
3. Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael, S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p.  468. ISBN   978-0-521-82149-0.
4. Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC   5014063 . PMID   27558853.
5. Whiting, Michael F.; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.731.5211 . doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. S2CID   33808144.
6. Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. S2CID   56100681. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
7. Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012). The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-231-50170-5. Recently, a close affinity between Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera monophyletic
8. Meusemann, Karen; Trautwein, Michelle; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wiegmann, Brian M.; et al. (2020). "Are Fleas Highly Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola)". bioRxiv   10.1101/2020.11.19.390666 .

Further reading

• Minet, J.; Huang, D-T.; Wu, H.; Nel, A. (2010). "Early Mecopterida and the systematic position of the Microptysmatidae (Insecta: Endopterygota)". Annales de la Société entomologique de France . (N.S.). 46: 262–270. doi: 10.1080/00379271.2010.10697667 .