Hymenopterida

Hymenopterida Temporal range: Triassic–present
Blue-eyed ensign wasp (Evania appendigaster)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Clade:	Eumetabola
Clade:	Holometabola
Superorder:	Hymenopterida
Subgroups
† Avioxyela Hymenoptera

Hymenopterida is a superorder of holometabolous (metamorphosing) insects. As originally circumscribed, it included Hymenoptera and the orders in Panorpida (Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera). ^[1] However, more recent studies find Hymenoptera as sister to the other members of Holometabola and the superorder is restricted to Hymenoptera. ^[2]

Evolution

The following phylogenetic tree shows the internal relationships of the superorder as a clade of Hymenoptera but more recent molecular analyses find a different arrangement within Holometabola, with Hymenoptera as the earliest branching group. ^[3]

Holometabola

Hymenopterida Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, bees, ants) Aparaglossata Neuropteroidea Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies) Coleopterida Coleoptera (beetles) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Panorpida Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Antliophora Diptera Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Siphonaptera (fleas)

References

1. Weaver J.S.I. The Evolution And Classification Of Trichoptera, With A Revision Of The Lepidostomatidae And A North American Synopsis Of This Family. Degree: Ph.D. Degree Year: 1983 Institute: Clemson University
2. Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
3. Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC   5014063 . PMID   27558853.

External links

• Data related to Hymenopterida at Wikispecies