| Psenidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Psen erythropoda | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Psenidae A. Costa, 1858 |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Psenidae is a family of aphid wasps in the superfamily Apoidea formerly treated as the tribe Psenini. [1] There are 12 genera and at least 485 described species of Psenidae. [2]
As Psenini, this taxon was previously treated as one of 4 tribes under the subfamily Pemphredoninae within Crabronidae. Following phylogenetic analyses Crabronidae was found to be paraphyletic due to the exclusion of Anthophila. As part of this revision, Pemphredoninae was also found to be polyphyletic and was split into 4 families. Psenini and Odontosphecini were combined and elevated to Psenidae. Ammoplanina (a subtribe of Pemphredonini) was elevated to Ammoplanidae, the remaining Pemphredonini to Pemphredonidae, and Entomosericini to Entomosericidae. [1] [3]
Psenidae is the sister lineage to Ammoplanidae, while Pemphredonidae is sister to Philanthidae. [1]
These 12 genera belong to the family Psenidae:
Data sources: i = ITIS, [4] c = Catalogue of Life, [5] g = GBIF, [6] b = Bugguide.net [7]
The superfamily Apoidea is a major group within the Hymenoptera, which includes two traditionally recognized lineages, the "sphecoid" wasps, and the bees. Molecular phylogeny demonstrates that the bees arose from within the traditional "Crabronidae", so that grouping is paraphyletic, and this has led to a reclassification to produce monophyletic families.
The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps.
The Crabronidae are a large paraphyletic group of wasps, including nearly all of the species formerly comprising the now-defunct superfamily Sphecoidea. It collectively includes well over 200 genera, containing well over 9000 species. Crabronids were originally a part of the Sphecidae, but the latter name is now restricted to a separate family based on what was once the subfamily Sphecinae. Several of the subfamilies of the Crabronidae are often treated as families in their own right, as is true of the most recent phylogenies.
The Spheciformes is a paraphyletic assemblage of insect families which collectively comprise the "sphecoid wasps". Larvae are carnivorous.
Heterogynaidae is a minor and disputed lineage of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area. The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Most specimens have been collected in arid climates, but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat. Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps. Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of H. nocticola. Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior. It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.
Mellinidae is a small family of wasps, comprising 17 described species in two genera. This group has traditionally been treated as a subfamily within Crabronidae (Mellininae), but recent phylogenomic studies have shown it to be a distinct family.
Pemphredonidae is a family of aphid wasps formerly treated as the subfamily Pemphredoninae. There are 19 genera and 556 described species in the family.
Pemphredon is a genus of digger wasps in the family Pemphredonidae. The genus is common in the Holarctic, with 12 species represented in Europe. Several species are considered beneficial because of their specialization in aphids.
Mimumesa is a genus of wasps in the family Psenidae. The species are found in the Holarctic. 32 species are known to exist.
Psen monticola is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in North America.
Psen is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Psenidae. There are at least 90 described species in Psen.
Psen erythropoda is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in North America.
Passaloecus cuspidatus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Pemphredonidae. It is found in North America.
Pluto is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Psenidae. There are at least 50 described species in Pluto.
Ammoplanops is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Ammoplanidae. There are about 15 species described in the genus Ammoplanops.
Stigmus americanus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Pemphredonidae. It is found in North America.
Pseneo punctatus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Dolichurus is a genus of cockroach wasps in the family Ampulicidae; they are generally found on dead wood, leaf litter, or on tree trunks. There are at least 50 described species in Dolichurus.
Ammoplanidae is a family of aphid wasps formerly treated as the Crabronidae subtribe Ammoplanina. There are about 10 genera and at least 130 described species in Ammoplanina. Phylogenetic analyses in 2018 and 2021 have confirmed this group as the sister lineage to the bees, and thus accorded the group family rank.
Mimesa is a genus of wasps belonging to the family Psenidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America.
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