| Pemphredonidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Pemphredonidae |
| Genera | |
19 (see text) | |
Pemphredonidae is a family of aphid wasps formerly treated as the subfamily Pemphredoninae. There are 19 genera and 556 described species in the family. [1] [2] [3]
The primary morphological distinction between the Pemphredondae and the Psenidae is that Pemphredondae never have more than two submarginal cells in their forewing while Psenidae have three submarginal cells. [4]
The subfamily consists of solitary wasps, each genus having its own distinct and consistent prey preferences. The adult females dig tunnels in the ground, or plant material, for nesting. [5] As with all other apoid wasps, the larvae are carnivorous; females hunt for prey on which to lay their eggs, mass provisioning the nest cells with paralyzed, living prey that the larvae feed upon after hatching from the egg.[ citation needed ]
As Pemphredoninae, this taxon was previously divided into four tribes: Entomosericini, Odontosphecini, Psenini, and Pemphredonini. The Pemphredonini were considered to have by far the largest number of species. Phylogenetic analyses to resolve the paraphyly of Crabronidae through erecting additional families also found the Pemphredoninae to be polyphyletic. As a result, more recent classifications treat Psenidae (comprising the former tribes Psenini and Odontosphecini) as a separate family, and sister to the newly-erected family Ammoplanidae. Ammoplanidae is also rendered as the most sister family to the bees (Anthophila). The Pemphredonidae (Pemphredonini excluding Ammoplanina) is instead sister taxon to the Philanthidae. [2] In continued revision, Entomosericini has also been elevated to family status as Entomosericidae. [3]
The Pemphredonidae are restricted to the former subtribes Pemphredonina, Spilomenina, and Stigmina. [2] [3]
Pemphredonina Dahlbom, 1835
Spilomenina Menke, 1989
Stigmina R. Bohart & Menke, 1976
10 genera of Ammoplanina now comprise the family Ammoplaninidae. [2] This transfer includes 137 species. [1]
A single genus of Entomosericini now comprises the Entomosericidae. [3] This transfer includes 3 species. [1]
1 genus of Odontosphecini (Odontosphex) and 11 genera of Psenini now comprise the family Psenidae. [2] This transfer includes 485 species. [1]
Two fossil wasp genera from the Weald Clay were originally considered to possibly be in the Pemphredoninae. [6] They are currently classified among the 15 genera of the extinct family, Angarosphecidae. [7]
The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps.
Pison is a cosmopolitan genus of wasps within the family Crabronidae. The genus comprises 145 described species, although many species, especially in South America remain undescribed.
The Spheciformes is a paraphyletic assemblage of insect families which collectively comprise the "sphecoid wasps". Larvae are carnivorous.
Crabro is a genus of square-headed wasps belonging to the family Crabronidae. There are at least 80 described species in Crabro, found in the Nearctic and Palaearctic (Holarctic).
Pemphredon is a genus of digger wasps in the family Pemphredonidae. The genus is common in the Holarctic, with 12 species represented in Europe. Several species are considered beneficial because of their specialization in aphids.
Mimumesa is a genus of wasps in the family Psenidae. The species are found in the Holarctic. 32 species are known to exist.
Passaloecus is a genus of wasps in the family Pemphredonidae. The 40 species are found in the Nearctic. They are especially represented in the Palearctic
Spilomena is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Pemphredonidae. The 86 species are found worldwide being represented in the Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australasian, and Indomalayan realms.
Psen monticola is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in North America.
Psen is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Psenidae. There are at least 90 described species in Psen.
Psen erythropoda is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in North America.
Passaloecus cuspidatus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Pemphredonidae. It is found in North America.
Psenidae is a family of aphid wasps in the superfamily Apoidea formerly treated as the tribe Psenini. There are 12 genera and at least 485 described species of Psenidae.
Ammoplanus is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Ammoplanidae. There are more than 50 described species in Ammoplanus.
Palmodes is a genus of thread-waisted wasps in the family Sphecidae. There are more than 20 described species in Palmodes.
Ammoplanops is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Ammoplanidae. There are about 15 species described in the genus Ammoplanops.
Stigmus americanus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Pemphredonidae. It is found in North America.
Dryudella is a genus of wasps in the family Crabronidae. There are more than 50 described species in Dryudella.
Ammoplanidae is a family of aphid wasps formerly treated as the Crabronidae subtribe Ammoplanina. There are about 10 genera and at least 130 described species in Ammoplanina. Phylogenetic analyses in 2018 and 2021 have confirmed this group as the sister lineage to the bees, and thus accorded the group family rank.