| Crabronidae | |
|---|---|
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| Tachysphex sp. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Crabronidae Latreille, 1802 |
| Subfamilies | |
The Crabronidae is a large family of wasps within the superfamily Apoidea. [1] [2]
This family has historically been treated as a subfamily in the now-defunct Spheciformes group under the family Sphecidae. The Spheciformes included well over 200 genera, containing well over 9000 species. [1] Revision of these taxa resulted resulted in the restriction of the Sphecidae to what was once the subfamily Sphecinae. As a result, the former Crabroninae was elevated to family status as Crabronidae. Subsequent revision has further restricted the Crabronidae. Several of the subfamilies of the Crabronidae are often treated as families in their own right, as is true of the most recent phylogenies. Of these lineages of Apoidea, only three were not included within Crabronidae in the past: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, and Anthophila.
The following phylogenetic tree is based on Sann et al., 2018, which used phylogenomics to demonstrate that both the bees (Anthophila) and the Sphecidae arose from within the former Crabronidae, which is therefore paraphyletic, and which they suggested should be split into several families; the former family Heterogynaidae nests within the Bembicidae, as here defined. [1] These findings differ in several details from studies published by two other sets of authors in 2017, though all three studies demonstrate a paraphyletic "Crabronidae" and the need to establish additional families. [3] [4]
| Apoidea |
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Further analysis by Sann et al. in 2021 resulted in the former Entomosericini (from Pemphredoninae) and Eremiaspheciinae being elevated to family status as Entomosericidae and Eremiaspheciidae, respectively. The true phylogentic placements for both small families remain unresolved but outside of either Pemphredonidae, Psenidae, and the lineage comprising Ammoplanidae and bees. [2]
The superfamily Apoidea is a major group within the Hymenoptera, which includes two traditionally recognized lineages, the "sphecoid" wasps, and the bees. Molecular phylogeny demonstrates that the bees arose from within the traditional "Crabronidae", so that grouping is paraphyletic, and this has led to a reclassification to produce monophyletic families.
The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps.
The Spheciformes is a paraphyletic assemblage of insect families which collectively comprise the "sphecoid wasps", and includes about 10 000 species. Larvae are carnivorous.
Cerceris is a genus of wasps in the family Philanthidae. It is the largest genus in the family, with 876 described species and 169 subspecies. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species on every continent.
Philanthidae is one of the largest families of wasp in the superfamily Apoidea, with 1167 species in 8 genera, most of which are Cerceris.
Heterogynaidae is a minor and disputed lineage of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area. The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Most specimens have been collected in arid climates, but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat. Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps. Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of H. nocticola. Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior. It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.
Mellinidae is a small family of wasps, comprising 17 described species in two genera. This group has traditionally been treated as a subfamily within Crabronidae (Mellininae), but recent phylogenomic studies have shown it to be a distinct family.
Astata is a cosmopolitan genus of solitary predatory wasps in the family Astatidae. They are known to prey on adults and nymphs of Pentatomidae. Astata is the largest genus in this subfamily, and is identified by features of its wing venation. The males of this genus and the related genus Dryudella have very large compound eyes that broadly meet at the top of the head.
Cerceris tuberculata is a species of wasp in the family Philanthidae.
Psenidae is a family of aphid wasps in the superfamily Apoidea formerly treated as the tribe Psenini. There are 12 genera and at least 485 described species of Psenidae.
Astata unicolor is a species of wasp in the family Astatidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species is sexually dimorphic, with males have black abdomens, while females are black and orange. It is a predator of Pentatomidae, including Halyomorpha halys, which is invasive to North America.
Cerceris clypeata is a species of weevil wasp in the family Philanthidae. It is found in North America.
Astata bicolor is a species of wasp in the family Astatidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Ammoplanops is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Ammoplanidae. There are about 15 species described in the genus Ammoplanops.
Pseneo punctatus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Dryudella caerulea is a species of wasp in the family Astatidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diploplectron ferrugineum is a species of wasp in the family Astatidae. It is found in North America.
Cerceris yuwanensis is a species of wasp in the family Philanthidae that is found in Japan.
Mimesa is a genus of wasps belonging to the family Psenidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America.
Bembicinae is one of the two subfamilies of Bembicidae, along with Nyssoninae.
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