Eumetabola

Eumetabola
Apis dorsata on Tribulus terrestris
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Clade:	Eumetabola Hennig, 1953
Superorders
Holometabola Paraneoptera

Eumetabola is an unranked clade of Neoptera. Two large unities known as the Eumetabola and Paurometabola are probably from the adelphotaxa of the Neoptera after exclusion of the Plecoptera. The monophyly of these unities appears to be weakly justified. ^[1]

According to a phylogenetic analysis, the Eumetabola clade originated 390–350 million years ago, in the Late Devonian. ^[2]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Eumetabola is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera, ^[3] Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera), ^[4] and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola. ^[5]

Neoptera

Polyneoptera Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Embioptera (webspinners) Dictyoptera Mantodea (mantises) Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) Eumetabola Paraneoptera Condylognatha Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (true bugs) Psocodea (barklice inc. lice) Holometabola Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps) Aparaglossata Neuropteroidea Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) Neuroptera (lacewings and allies) Coleopterida Coleoptera (beetles) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Panorpida Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Antliophora Diptera (true flies) Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) (Endopterygota)

References

1. Ax, Peter (2000). "Paurometabola — Eumetabola". Multicellular Animals. pp. 282–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10396-8_74. ISBN   978-3-642-08681-6.
2. Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang; Bu, Wen-jun (2016). "Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38939. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638939W. doi:10.1038/srep38939. PMC   5154178 . PMID   27958352.
3. Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817794116 . PMC   6386694 . PMID   30642969.
4. Kevin P. Johnson; Christopher H. Dietrich; Frank Friedrich; et al. (Dec 2018). "Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 115 (50): 12775–12780. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1815820115 . PMC   6294958 . PMID   30478043.
5. Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC   5014063 . PMID   27558853.

External links

• Eumetabola Hennig 1953 insecta.bio.spbu.ru
• Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. 2005: Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, New York. limited preview on Google books
• "The Earliest known Holometabolous insects"