Notoptera, also known as Xenonomia,[1] is a clade of insects belonging to Polyneoptera. It contains two living groups, Mantophasmatidae (gladiators) native to southern Africa, and Grylloblattidae (ice crawlers) native to cold montane environments in the Northern Hemisphere. Both groups are wingless.
The name was originally coined in 1915 as an order for Grylloblattidae and largely forgotten until it was resurrected and redefined ("Notoptera Crampton sensu novum") by Engel and Grimaldi in 2004 (after the discovery of living Mantophasmatidae), who recommended to give a single order that includes both the living and fossil representatives of the lineage.[2]
Terry and Whiting in 2005 independently proposed a new name, "Xenonomia", for the same lineage of insects (including the Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea, treated as orders).[3] The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera.[4] Some authors consider this the valid name of the group.[1]
Evolutionary history
Life restoration of Zygogrylloblatta, a winged "grylloblattidan" from the mid-Cretaceous
The earliest stem-representatives of the group had emerged by the Late Carboniferous, around 320 million years ago. Early members of the group, which unlike modern notopterans had wings, have been referred to as members of "Grylloblattida" and "Reculida", with their relationships to modern notopterans historically being the subject of controversy. Winged "grylloblattidans" reached their apex of diversity during the Permian (299-252 million years ago), where they represented up to a third of all insects at some localities.[1] The earliest mantophasmatids are known from the Middle Jurassic of China, around 160 million years ago.[5] No fossil record of modern grylloblattids is known, though the winged Aristovia and Zygogrylloblatta are known from the Burmese amber of Myanmar dating to the mid-Cretaceous around 100 million years ago, have mouthparts very similar to modern grylloblattids, indicating their closer relationship to modern grylloblattids than to mantophasmatids.[1][6] Mantophasmatids and grylloblattids are thought to have lost their wings independently. Winged "grylloblattidans" declined in diversity and abundance from the Triassic onwards, with the youngest records of winged "grylloblattidans" dating to the Early-mid Cretaceous.[1]
1 2 Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 601–622. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468. S2CID84407734.
↑ Jakub Prokop; Jacek Szwedo; Jean Lapeyrie; Romain Garrouste; André Nel (2015). "New Middle Permian insects from Salagou Formation of the Lodève Basin in southern France (Insecta: Pterygota)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. New Series. 51 (1): 14–51. doi:10.1080/00379271.2015.1054645. S2CID87501340.
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