Notoptera

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Notoptera
Temporal range: 251.9–0  Ma
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Triassic - Recent
Mantophasma zephyra Zompro et al 2002.jpg
Mantophasma zephyra
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Cohort: Polyneoptera
Superorder: Notoptera
Crampton, 1915
Orders & families

Order Grylloblattodea

Order Mantophasmatodea

Synonyms

Xenonomia Terry & Whiting, 2005

The wingless insect superorder Notoptera, a group first proposed in 1915, had been largely unrecognized since its original conception, until resurrected in 2004. As now defined, the superorder comprises five families, three of them known only from fossils, two known from both fossil and living representatives, and fewer than 60 known species in total.

Contents

History of research

The name was originally coined in 1915 for a group of fossil orthopteroids, and largely forgotten until it was resurrected and redefined ("Notoptera Crampton sensu novum") by Engel and Grimaldi in 2004 (after the discovery of living Mantophasmatidae), who recommended to give a single order that includes both the living and fossil representatives of the lineage. [1]

Terry and Whiting in 2005 independently proposed a new name, "Xenonomia", for the same lineage of insects (including the Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea, treated as orders). [2]

In 2006, Cameron, Barker, and Whiting studied the mitochondrial genomics of the Mantophasmatodea, [3] and Arillo and Engel described a new (fourth) species of rock crawler. [4]

In 2008, Damgaard and colleagues examined the mitochondrial genome of 8 described and 4 undescribed austrophasmatine species, and some mantophasmatines; the major clades were confirmed. [5]

In 2012, Predel and colleagues studied the peptidomics of 71 populations of Mantophasmatodea, confirming that austrophasmatines are a monophyletic lineage, and noting that the development of the capa-neurons of the ventral nervous system implies a close relationship with the Grylloblattodea. [6]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantophasmatidae</span> Family of insects

Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous wingless insects within the monotypic order Mantophasmatodea, which was discovered in Africa in 2001. Recent evidence indicates a sister group relationship with Grylloblattidae, and Arillo and Engel have combined the two groups into a single order, Notoptera, with Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea ranked as suborders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grylloblattidae</span> Family of insects

Grylloblattidae, commonly known as the icebugs, or ice crawlers, is a family of extremophile (psychrophile) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains and the edges of glaciers. It is the only member of Grylloblattodea, which is generally considered an order. Alternatively, Grylloblattodea, along with Mantophasmatodea, have been ranked as suborders of the order Notoptera. Grylloblattids are wingless insects mostly less than 3 cm long, with a head resembling that of a cockroach, with long antennae and having elongated cerci arising from the tip of their abdomen. They cannot tolerate warmth and many species have small distribution ranges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentatomomorpha</span> Infraorder of true bugs

The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs, etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.

Bajanzhargalanidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There are at least four genera and about seven described species in Bajanzhargalanidae.

Gorochoviidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There are at least three genera and about eight described species in Gorochoviidae.

Madygenophlebiidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There are at least two genera and four described species in Madygenophlebiidae.

Palaeocixiidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There is one genus, Palaeocixius, in Palaeocixiidae.

Tanzaniophasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Tanzaniophasma subsolana, which is endemic to Tanzania.

Praedatophasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Praedatophasma maraisi, which is endemic to southern Namibia.

Tyrannophasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Tyrannophasma gladiator, which is endemic to the Brandberg Massif of central Namibia.

Sclerophasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Sclerophasma paresisense.

Hemilobophasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Hemilobophasma montaguense, which is endemic to Western Cape Province, South Africa. Its type locality is an area near Montagu.

Namaquaphasma is a genus of insects in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is a monotypic genus consisting of the species Namaquaphasma ookiepense, which is endemic to Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Its type locality is Ookiep.

Mantophasma kudubergense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to Namibia.

Mantophasma omatakoense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to Namibia.

<i>Mantophasma zephyra</i> Species of insect

Mantophasma zephyra is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to Namibia.

Austrophasma caledonense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to western South Africa, where it is known only from near Caledon and from the Kogelberg in Western Cape Province.

Austrophasma gansbaaiense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to western South Africa, where it is only known from near Gansbaai in Western Cape Province.

Austrophasma rawsonvillense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to western South Africa, where it is found in a restricted area near Rawsonville, Tweefontein, and Gansbaai, Western Cape Province.

Karoophasma biedouwense is a species of insect in the family Mantophasmatidae. It is endemic to the Biedouw Valley of Western Cape Province, South Africa, in a restricted area that includes the settlements of Biedouw, Driefontein, and Wolfdrif.

References

  1. ↑ Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2004). "A New Rock Crawler in Baltic Amber, with Comments on the Order(Mantophasmatodea: Mantophasmatidae)". American Museum Novitates . American Museum of Natural History (BioOne sponsored) (3431): 1–12. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)431<0001:anrcib>2.0.co;2. ISSN   0003-0082. S2CID   85653533.
  2. ↑ Terry, Matthew D.; Whiting, Michael F. (2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics. Wiley. 21 (3): 240–257. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x . ISSN   0748-3007. S2CID   86259809.
  3. ↑ Cameron, Stephen L.; Barker, Stephen C.; Whiting, Michael F. (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Elsevier. 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   16321547.
  4. ↑ Arillo, Antonio; Engel, Michael S. (2006). "Rock Crawlers in Baltic Amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates . American Museum of Natural History (BioOne sponsored) (3539): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0003-0082. S2CID   86575516.
  5. ↑ Damgaard, Jakob; Klass, Klaus-Dieter; Picker, Mike D.; Buder, Gerda (2008). "Phylogeny of the Heelwalkers (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) based on mtDNA sequences, with evidence for additional taxa in South Africa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Elsevier. 47 (2): 443–462. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.026. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   18396416.
  6. ↑ Predel, Reinhard; Neupert, Susanne; Huetteroth, Wolf; Kahnt, Jörg; Waidelich, Dietmar; Roth, Steffen (2012-04-16). "Peptidomics-Based Phylogeny and Biogeography of Mantophasmatodea (Hexapoda)". Systematic Biology. Oxford University Press (OUP). 61 (4): 609–629. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys003 . ISSN   1076-836X. PMID   22508719.
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