| Pristimantis vilarsi | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | Pristimantis |
| Species: | P. vilarsi |
| Binomial name | |
| Pristimantis vilarsi (Melin, 1941) | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
| |
Pristimantis vilarsi, also known as the Rio Uaupes robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the upper Amazon basin in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela. [1] [2] [3]
Adult males measure 23–33 mm (0.91–1.30 in) and adult females 31–49 mm (1.2–1.9 in) in snout–vent length. Dorsal skin is shagreened and has scattered small warts, but ventral skin smooth. The tympanum is prominent and vertically oval. The snout is subacuminate to acuminate in dorsal view, but round in vertical profile. The canthus rostralis is distinct and angular. Fingers and toes bear discs (enlarged on fingers III and IV and toes IV and V) but have no webbing. Males have vocal slits. [4]
There are three color patterns: (1) dorsum greenish gray, light to dark brown, without pattern or with very small black spots, (2) strongly patterned dorsum with brown to olive background and bearing a "W" mark between the shoulders, as well as diagonal dark brown stripes across the body and limbs, and (3) an intermediate form showing light to dark brown dorsum with indistinct bars, with or without the W between the shoulders, and sometimes with a lichen-like pattern. All forms have dark brown canthal and supratympanic stripes. [4]
Pristimantis vilarsi lives in the leaf litter of lowland rainforests at elevations of 100–1,230 m (330–4,040 ft) above sea level (200–600 m (660–1,970 ft) in Colombia [3] ). During the night they can be found on low plants, leaves, rocks, mossy walls, and on the ground. Males call at night. The egg deposition site is unknown. It appears to tolerate some disturbance of its habitat. It is a common species whose range overlaps with several protected areas. [1]
Anomaloglossus triunfo is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and is only known from the summit and slopes of Cerro Santa Rosa, on the northwestern slopes of Sierra de Lema, Bolívar state. It might be synonym of Anomaloglossus parkerae. The specific name triunfo is the name of the camp site that was used as the base for herpetological surveys by one of the scientists who described the species.
Pristimantis actinolaimus is a frog species in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from the vicinity of its type locality, El Estadero, in Samaná, Caldas Department, on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central. The specific name actinolaimus is derived from the Greek aktinos (=ray) and laimos (=throat) and refers to the radiating lines on the throat of this frog.
Pristimantis croceoinguinis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the lowland Amazon rainforest of southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and extreme north-eastern Peru, likely also extending into the adjacent Brazil. The specific name croceoinguinis refers to the color of the inguinal spots of this frog. Common name Santa Cecilia robber frog has been proposed for it.
Pristimantis eremitus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the Cordillera Occidental in north-western Ecuador from the Cotopaxi Province northward and on western slope of the Colombian Massif in the Nariño Department, extreme south-western Colombia. The specific name eremitus is Latin for "lonely" or "solitary" and refers to this species being the only western-Andean species among its closest relatives. Common names Chiriboga robber frog and lonely rainfrog have been coined for it.
Pristimantis frater is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the Norte de Santander, Boyacá, Casanare, Cundinamarca, and Meta Departments, as well as in the Serranía de la Macarena. The population in the Serranía de la Macarena might represent a distinct species. Common name Meta robber frog has been coined for it.
Pristimantis leptolophus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the páramos of the Colombian Massif and Cordillera Central in the departments of Cauca and Huila. The specific name leptolophus is derived from Greek leptos ("thin") and lophos ("crest") and refers to the low dorsolateral folds of this frog. Common name volcano robber frog has been coined for it.
Pristimantis maculosus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and is only known from a few localities in the Cordillera Central in Caldas, Antioquia, and Quindío Departments. The specific name maculosus is Latin for "dappled" or "spotted" and refers to the pale spots on the hidden surfaces of this species. Common name spotted robber frog has been coined for it.
Pristimantis obmutescens is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the páramos of Cordillera Central in the Cauca and Huila Departments. Common name paramos robber frog has been coined for it. The specific name obmutescens is Latin and means "keeping silent", inferred from the lack of vocal slits or sac in males and the thick skin covering the tympanum. Despite this, the species is reported to call.
Pristimantis repens, known commonly as the Galeras robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the Colombian Massif in the Nariño Department, Colombia. The specific name repens is Latin for creeping or crawling, inferred to be its mode of locomotion based on its short limbs.
Pristimantis riveroi is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Venezuela and only known from the region of the type locality in the Serranía del Litoral in the state of Aragua. The specific name riveroi honours Juan A. Rivero, a Puerto Rican herpetologist. Accordingly, common name Rivero's ground frog has been proposed for it.
Pristimantis salaputium is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Peru and known from its type locality, the Río Cosñipata Valley, on the northeastern slopes of the Cadena de Paucartambo, a frontal range of the Cordillera Oriental in Cusco Region, and from the Apurímac River valley. Its range might extend into Bolivia. The specific name salaputium is Latin meaning "dwarf" and refers to the small size of this species. Common name river robber frog has been coined for it.
Pristimantis savagei is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the Boyacá, Casanare, Cundinamarca, and Meta Departments, as well as in the Serranía de la Macarena. The specific name savagei honours Jay M. Savage, an American herpetologist. Nevertheless, common name Pyburn's robber frog has been coined for it.
Pristimantis scopaeus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs in the Cordillera Central in the Tolima and Quindío Departments. Pristimantis scopaeus is a dwarf species: adult males in the type series were first mistaken for juveniles of Pristimantis simoteriscus, which itself already is a small species. The specific name scopaeus is Latinization of the Greek skopaios, meaning "dwarf".
Pristimantis unistrigatus, common name: striped robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the Andean valleys from southern Colombia to central Ecuador.
Pristimantis variabilis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the lowland Amazon rainforest and Andean slopes in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and western Brazil. The specific name variabilis refers to the variable dorsal coloration of this frog. Common name variable robber frog has been proposed for it.
Pristimantis veletis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia and is only known from the vicinity of its type locality in Samaná and Pensilvania municipalities in the Caldas Department, on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Central. The specific name veletis is Latin from "skirmisher". It alludes to the resemblance of the color pattern of this frog to the camouflage clothing of the guerillas that were present in the area of the type locality, as well as to the chin pattern that loosely resembles the chevrons in some military uniforms.
Stefania riae is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. This species is only known from Cerro Sarisariñama, a tepui in the Bolívar State, Venezuela.
Pristimantis jamescameroni is a species of frog belonging to the family Strabomantidae. It is an orange-brown coloured small frog reported so far only from the Aprada-tepui, a table-top mountain in Bolívar state, Venezuela. It was discovered in June 2012 and formally described in October 2013 by Belgian biologist Philippe J. R. Kok at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The species was named after the Hollywood filmmaker James Cameron, in recognition of his efforts in environmental awareness, and in addition to his public promotion of veganism as a way of animal conservation. Due to its restricted occurrence, the species could be classified as "endangered" according to the criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
The tepui tree frog is a frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to Brazil and Venezuela. Scientists have seen it between 420 and 1800 meters above sea level.
Ceuthomantis aracamuni, also known as the Cerro Aracamuni emerald-barred frog, is a species of frog in the family Ceuthomantidae. It is endemic to Cerro Aracamuni in southern Amazonas, Venezuela.
