Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opercula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words μείων and καινός and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates than the Pliocene has. The Miocene followed the Oligocene and preceded the Pliocene.
A sawshark or saw shark is a member of a shark order bearing a unique long, saw-like rostrum edged with sharp teeth, which they use to slash and disable their prey. There are eight species within the Pristiophoriformes, including the longnose or common sawshark, shortnose sawshark, Japanese sawshark, Bahamas sawshark, sixgill sawshark, African dwarf sawshark, Lana's sawshark and the tropical sawshark.
The Dalatiidae are the family of kitefin sharks of the order Squaliformes. Members of this family are small, under 2 m (6.6 ft) long, and are found worldwide. They have cigar-shaped bodies with narrow heads and rounded snouts. Several species have specialized bioluminescent organs. Though eight genera are in this family, four of them are monotypic.
The Paratethys sea, Paratethys ocean, Paratethys realm or just Paratethys, was a large shallow inland sea that covered much of mainland Europe and parts of western Asia during the middle to late Cenozoic, from the late Paleogene to the late Neogene. At its greatest extent, it stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia.
The Taynton Limestone is a geological formation in Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom. It dates to the Middle Jurassic, mid-Bathonian stage. It predominantly consists of ooidal grainstone. The term "Stonesfield Slate" refers to slaty limestone horizons within the formation that during the 18th and 19th centuries were extensively quarried for use in roof tiling within the vicinity of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. Previously these were thought to belong to the Sharp's Hill Formation, but boreholes and shaft sections suggest that at least three horizons within the Taynton Limestone were quarried for the slate. These horizons are well known for producing a diverse set of fossils including those of plants, insects as well as vertebrates, including some of the earliest known mammals, pterosaurs as well as those of first dinosaur ever described, Megalosaurus.
Pristiophorus is a genus of sawsharks found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Members of this genus differ from the Sixgill Sawshark (Pliotrema warreni) in having five gill slits. Their rostral sawteeth lack prominent transverse ridges on the basal ledges, and the large teeth are not posteriorly serrated.
The tropical sawshark, Pristiophorus delicatus, is a recently described species of sawshark, family Pristiophoridae, formerly known in literature as Pristiophorus sp. B. It is endemic to northeastern Australia, found on the upper continental slope off Queensland from south of the Samaurez Reef, at a depth of 246–405 meters (807–1,329 ft). Its specific epithet delicatus is Latin for "delicate", referring to the fine teeth on its saw-like rostrum.
Squaloraja is an extinct genus of ray-like marine chimaeriform fish from the Early Jurassic of Europe.
Gladioserratus is an extinct genus of cow shark. It contains three species:
Eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family Dalatiidae. It was described by Sylvain Adnet in 2006, and the type species is E. aturensis, which existed during the middle Eocene of what is now France. A new species, E. skrovinai, which existed in what is now Slovakia during the Miocene period, was described by Charlie J. Underwood and Jan Schlogl in 2012, and named in honour of Michal Škrovina. E. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth found in the Laksarska Nova Ves Formation; 9 upper and 5 lower, some of which were partial and some were complete.
Nanocetorhinus is an extinct genus of sharks in the subclass Neoselachii from the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene. The type species N. tuberculatus lived across the Northern Hemisphere during the Early to Middle Miocene, and the second species N. zeitlingeri lived in Austria during the Late Oligocene.
Paraetmopterus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family Etmopteridae. It was described by Adnet in 2006, and the type species is P. nolfi, which existed during the middle Eocene of France. A new species, P. horvathi, which existed in what is now Slovakia during the Miocene epoch, was described by Charlie J. Underwood and Jan Schlögl in 2013; however, this species was subsequently transferred to the separate genus Palaeocentroscymnus.
Scaldicetus is an extinct genus of highly predatory macroraptorial sperm whale. Although widely used for a number of extinct physeterids with primitive dental morphology consisting of enameled teeth, Scaldicetus as generally recognized appears to be a wastebasket taxon filled with more-or-less unrelated primitive sperm whales.
This list of fossil fishes described in 2013 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have been described during the year 2013. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.
The geology of Slovakia is structurally complex, with a highly varied array of mountain ranges and belts largely formed during the Alpine orogeny in Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and with relicts of older Variscan structures of Paleozoic age. The internal zones of the West Carpathian orogen collapsed during Paleogene forming the Central Carpathian Paleogne Basin and later in Miocene the Pannonian Basin and Carpathian volcanic chain were formed.
Pharaoh Finger Snail was an ancient Egyptian ruler from the pre-dynastic period of prehistoric Egypt. It is disputed whether he really existed as the reading of his name as a king's name is far from certain. Most scholars do not read the known signs as a king's name. He may have been the first king of a united upper Egypt.
The Krempachy Marl Formation is a geological formation in Poland and Slovakia, dating to about 179 million years ago, and covering the middle Toarcian stage of the Jurassic Period. It is among the most important formations of the Toarcian boundary on the Carpathian realm, being the regional equivalent of the Posidonia Shale.
Ectyonopsis is a genus of demosponges in the family Myxillidae. They are mostly known from the waters surrounding Australia and from the Southern Ocean.
