Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism

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Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism (or Proto-Aryan paganism) was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian and includes topics such as the mythology, legendry, folk tales, and folk beliefs of early Indo-Iranian culture. By way of the comparative method, Indo-Iranian philologists, a variety of historical linguist, have proposed reconstructions of entities, locations, and concepts with various levels of security in early Indo-Iranian folklore and mythology (reconstructions are indicated by the presence of an asterisk). The present article includes both reconstructed forms and proposed motifs from the Proto-Indo-Iranian period, generally associated with the Sintashta culture (2050–1900 BCE). [1]

Contents

Divine beings

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstructionIndo-AryanIranianMitanniEtymologyNotes
*Háǰʰiš Ahi Aži ––
*Aryamā́Skt Aryaman Av. Airiiaman ––
*BʰagásSkt Bhaga OPers.*Baga [2] [lower-alpha 1] –OPers.*Baga is inferred from Bāgayādi, month of the feast *Bagayāda- ('worshiping Baga = Mithra'). [2] The etymology indicates a societal deity that distributes wealth and prosperity. [5] [6] Slavic bog ('god') and bogátyj ('rich') are generally seen as loanwords from Iranian. [7]
*Ćarwa [8] SktŚarva [8] YAv.Sauruua [8] –Perhaps related to ToB śer(u)we, ToA śaru 'hunter'. [8] Probably meaning 'hunter' (cf. Khot. hasirä 'quarry, hunted beast', Oss. suryn 'to chase, hunt', syrd 'wild beast'). An epithet of Rudra or Śiva in Sanskrit. Name of one the daēuua (demons) in Young Avestan. [8]
*Dyauš [9] Skt Dyáuṣ [9] OAv.diiaoš [9] –From PIE*dyēus, the daylight-sky god. [9] Meaning 'heaven, daylight sky'. Name of the inherited Proto-Indo-European sky-god (cf. Hitt.šīuš, Grk Zeus , Lat. Jove ) [9] See Dyēus for further information.
*Hagníš [10] Skt Agni [10] YAv.Dāšt-āɣni [10] From PIE *h₁n̥gʷnis, the fire as an active force. [10] Name of the inherited Proto-Indo-European fire-god (cf. Lith.Ugnis, Alb. enjte ). [10] See H1n̥gʷnis for further information.
*Hāpam-nápāts [11] SktApā́m nápāt [11] YAv.apᶏm napāt [11] –From PIE *h2ep- ('water') and *h2nepot- ('grandson, descendant'). [11] Meaning 'Grandsons of the Waters'. [11] See Apam Napat for further information.
*Haramati [12] SktArámati [12] Av. Ārmaiti [12] –No known IE cognate. [12] Goddess of obedience and piety. Cf. Sktarámanas ('obedient') and Av.ārmaiti ('piety, devotion'). [12]
*HatHarwan [13] Skt Átharvan [13] YAv. Āθrauuan [13] –Perhaps a borrowing from a Central Asian language (cf. ToAatär, ToBetre 'hero'). [13] Name of a primordial priest. The Sanskrit cognate is the name of the primordial priest, while the Young Avestan form designates the first social class (i.e. the priests). Scholars have rendered the stem *HatHar- as a 'religious-magical fluid' or 'magical potency'. [13]
*Hwi(H)waswant [14] Skt Vivásvant [14] YAv.Vīuuanhvant [14] –From PIE *h2ues- 'dawn'. [14] Meaning 'morning dawn'. Father of *YamHa (see below). Cf. Sktvaivasvatá and Av.vīuuaŋhuša- ('descending from Vivasvant'). [14]
(?) *Wr̥trás [15] Skt Vṛtrá [15] YAv. Vǝrǝθraɣna [15] –No known IE cognate. [15] *wr̥trás means 'defence' (the original meaning may have been 'cover'). Skt Vṛtrá is the name of a demon slain by Indra, often depicted as a cobra. YAv. Vǝrǝθraɣna , meaning 'breaking of defence, victory', is the name of a god. Cf. also Middle Persian Wahrām ('war god, god of victory'). The Arm. god Vahagn is a loanword from Iranian. [15]
*Hušā́s [16] Skt Uṣás [16] OAv.Ušå [16] –From PIE*h₂éws-ōs, the Dawn-goddess. [16] Name of the dawn-goddess. [16] See H₂éwsōs for further information.
*Índras [17] Skt Índra [17] YAv.Indra [17] Mit.Indara [18] No known IE cognate. [17] –
*Krćānu ~ *Krćāni [19] SktKṛśā́nu [19] YAv.Kərəsāni [19] –No known IE cognate. [19] Divine being associated with the Soma. In Sanskrit, the divine archer that guards the celestial Soma; in Young Avestan, name of a hostile king driven away by Haoma. [19]
*MánušSkt Manu [20] Av.*Manūš [20] –From PIE*Manu- ('Man', 'ancestor of humankind'; cf. Germ. Mannus ). [20] Av. *Manūš.čiθra ('image of Manuš') is inferred from Old Persian Manūščihr, the name of a high priest. [20]
*MitrásSkt Mitrá Av. Miθra Mit.Mitra [18] See Mitra.
Skt Nā́satyā [21] Av.Nā̊ŋhaiθya [21] Mit.Našattiya [18] Probably from PIE *nes- ('save, heal'; cf. Goth.nasjan). [21] SktNā́satyā is another name for the Aśvínā ('horse-possessors'); Nā̊ŋhaiθya is the name of a demon in the Zoroastrian religious system. According to scholar Douglas Frame, "the Iranian singular suggests that in Common Indo-Iranian the twins’ dual name also occurred in the singular to name one twin in opposition to the other". [21] See Divine Twins.
*Pr̥tHwíH [22] Skt Pṛth(i)vī́ [22] YAv.ząm pərəθβīm [22] –From PIE*pleth₂wih₁ 'the broad one'. [22] Name of the deified earth. The Sanskrit poetic formula kṣā́m ... pṛthivī́m ('broad earth') is identical to YAv.ząm pərəθβīm (id.) [22] See Dʰéǵʰōm for further information.
*PuHšā́ [23] Skt Pisán [23] ––From PIE *p(e)h2uson (cf. Grk Πάων < *pausōn). [23] Name of a herding-god, protector of roads, inspector of creatures. [23]
*Sušna [24] SktŚúsna [24] Sh.sāɣ(d) [24] –From PIEḱues-. [24] Name of a malevolent being. Proto-Iranian *sušnā- is inferred from Sh.sāɣ̌(d) ('big snake, dragon'). [24]
*Tritá [25] Skt Tritá [25] YAv.θrita [25] –From PIEtrito 'third'. [25] Mythical hero; one of the first preparers of the Soma. [25]
Skt Váruṇa Av.*Vouruna(?) [26] Mit.Aruna [18] The Indo-Iranian ancestry is supported by Mitanni Aruna. [18] The Avestan *Vouruna is postulated as the form the god would have taken in Iran, perhaps later replaced by Ahura Mazdā or Apam Napat. [26]
*Ućan [27] SktUśánā [27] YAv.Usan [27] –Probably a non-IE name based on the same root as *ućig- ('sacrificer'). [27] Name of a sage. [27]
*HwaHyúš and *HwáHatas [28] Skt Vāyú and Vā́ta [28] OAv. Vaiiu and Vāta [28] –From PIE*h2ueh1iu and *h2ueh1nto. [28] Gods of winds. [28]
*YámHas [29] Skt Yamá [29] Av. Yima [29] –From PIE *imH-o 'twin'. [29] Meaning 'twin'; inherited from Proto-Indo-European (cf. Old Norse Ymir , the primeval giant). In Indo-Iranian, name of the mythical primeval man, first presser of the Soma, and son of the god *Hui(H)uasuant . [29] Cognate to the Indic goddess Yamuna, a deified river. See Indo-European cosmogony for further information.

Location

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstructionIndo-AryanIranianEtymologyNotes
*Háćmā [30] Sktáśman [30] YAv. asman [30] From PIE *h₂éḱmōn, 'stone, stone-made weapon; heavenly vault of stone'. [31] [32] Sktáśman means 'stone, rock, sling-stone, thunderbolt', YAv.asman 'stone, sling-stone, heaven'. [30] The original PIE meaning appears to have been 'stone(-made weapon)' > 'heavenly vault of stone' (cf. Grk ákmōn 'anvil, meteoric stone, thunderbolt, heaven', Goth.himins 'heaven', Lith.akmuõ 'stone'). [31] [32] See Perkwunos (Heavenly vault of stone) for further information.

Entities

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstructionMeaningIndo-AryanIranianEtymologyNotes
*daywás [33] god, deitySkt devá [33] OAv. daēuua [33] From PIE *deywós 'celestial > god'. [33] The Iranian word is at the origin of the div, a creature of Persian mythology, later spread to Turkic and Islamic mythologies. [34]
*daywiH [35] goddessSkt devī́ [35] YAv. daēuuī [35] From PIE *deywih2 'goddess'. [35]
*g(h)andh(a)rwas- ~ g(h)andh(a)rbhas- [36] Skt gandharvá [36] YAv.gandərəba [36] No known IE cognate. [36] Group of mythical beings.
*Hasuras [37] god, lordSkt ásura [37] Av. ahura [37] From PIE *h₂ems-u- < *h₂ems- ('to give birth'). [37] According to Asko Parpola and Václav Blažek, the word has been borrowed into Finno-Ugric/Uralic languages as *asera- (Parpola) or *asɤrɜ- (Blazek), both meaning 'lord, prince, leader'. [38] [39]

Other

Proto-Indo-Iranian reconstructionMeaningIndo-AryanIranianEtymologyNotes
*bhišáj [40] 'healer'Sktbhišáj- [40] OAv.biš- [40] No known IE cognate. [40]
*dać- [41] 'to offer, worship'Sktdáś- [41] OAv. dasəma [41] From PIE *deḱ-. [41]
*diuiHa [42] 'heavenly, divine'Sktdivyá [42] –From PIE*diwyós 'heavenly, divine'. [42]
*gau(H)- [43] 'call, invoke'Sktgav(i) [43] –From PIEgewh2-. [43] cf. also Osset.argawyn < *agraw- ('to perform a church service'). [43]
*grH- [44] 'song of praise, invocation'Sktgír [44] OAv.gar- [44] From PIEgwerH-. [44]
*(H)anću [45] 'Soma plant'Sktamśú- [45] YAv. ᶏsu- [45] Presumably a loanword. [45]
*HaHpriH [46] 'wishing, blessing, invocation'Sktāprī́ [46] YAv.āfrī [46] No known IE cognate. [46]
*Hiáj [2] 'to worship, sacrifice'Sktyaj [2] Av.yaz- [2] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-. [2]
*Hiájata [47] 'worthy of worship, sacrifice'Sktyajatá [47] Av. yazata- [47] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-. [47]
*Hiájna [48] 'worship, sacrifice'Skt yajna [48] Av. yasna - [48] From PIE *hieh2ǵ-. [48]
*Hiša [49] 'refreshing libation'Sktídā [49] OAv.īžā [49] No known IE cognate. [49]
*Hižd- [50] 'to invoke, worship' [50] Sktīd- [50] OAv.īšas- [50] From PIE*h2eisd-. [50]
*(H)rši [51] 'seer' [51] Skt ṛ́si [51] OAv.ərəšiš [51] No known IE cognate. [51]
*Hrta [52] 'truth, (world-)order'Skt ṛtá [52] OAv. aša, arəta [52] From PIE *h2rtó. [52]
*HrtaHuan [53] 'belonging to Truth'Sktṛtā́van [53] OAv.ašauuan [53] From PIE *h2rtó. [53]
*j́hau- [54] 'pour, sacrifice, offer' [54] Skthav [54] Av.ā-zuiti [54] From PIE *ǵheu-. [54]
*j́hau-tar [55] 'priest'Skthótar [55] Av.zaotar [55] From PIE *ǵheu-. [55]
*j́hau-traH [56] 'sacrificial pouring'Skthótrā [56] YAv.zaoθrā [56] From PIE *ǵheu-. [56]
*namas [57] 'to worship, honour'Sktnámas [57] Av.nəmah [57] From PIE *némos. [57]
*sauma [58] 'Soma-plant', a deified drinkSktsóma [58] YAv. haoma [58] No known IE cognate. [58] Probably referring to ephedra. [58]
*uájra [59] Mythical weaponSkt vájra [59] YAv.vazra [59] From PIE *ueh2ǵ-. [59] Mythical weapon associated with Indra in India and with Mithra in Iran. Cf. Arm.varz ('stick'), a loanword from Iranian. [59]
*uand(H) [60] 'to praise, honour'Sktvandi [60] YAv.vandaēta [60] No known IE cognate. [60]
*ućig [61] 'sacrificer'Sktuśíj [61] OAv.usij [61] Likely a borrowing from a Central Asian language. [61] Sktuśíj is an epithet of sacrificers and of Agni. OAv.usij designates a 'sacrificer which is hostile towards the Zoroastrian religion'. [61]
*uipra [62] 'exctasic, inspired'Sktvípra [62] YAv.vifra [62] No known IE cognate. [62] See Viprata for further information.
*urata [63] 'rule, order, religious commandment, observance'Skt vratá [63] OAv.uruuata [63] No known IE cognate. [63]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The word baga is attested once in Old Avestan (possibly, but its interpretation remains unclear), and about ten times in the Young Avesta: baɣa- appears as an epithet for Ahura Mazda, the Moon and Miθra, while a compound hu-baɣa- refers to female deities. [3] [4]

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References

  1. ↑ Lubotsky, Alexander (2023). "Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split". In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–262. ISBN   978-1-009-26175-3 . Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yaj-.
  3. ↑ Zimmer, Stefan (2010). "On Comparing Slavic and Celtic Theonyms, with Regard to Their Indo-European Background". Studia Celto-Slavica. 3: 8–9. doi: 10.54586/OMVE4451 . S2CID   244036366.
  4. ↑ König, Götz (2016). "The Niyāyišn and the bagas (Brief comments on the so-called Xorde Avesta, 2)" (PDF). DABIR. 2 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1163/29497833-00201005.
  5. ↑ Thieme, Paul. "Classical Literature". In: India, Pakistan, Ceylon. Edited by W. Norman Brown, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960, p. 75. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512814866-014
  6. ↑ Boyce, Mary (1996). "THE GODS OF PAGAN IRAN". In: A History of Zoroastrianism, The Early Period. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 57-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294004_003
  7. ↑ Derksen, Rick (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Brill. p. 50. ISBN   978-90-04-15504-6.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. śarva-.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. dyáv-.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. agni-.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. nápāt-.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. arámati-.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ártharvan-.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vivásvant-.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vṛtrá-.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. usás-.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. índra-.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Fournet 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. kṛśā́nu-.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Lincoln 1975, pp. 134–136.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Frame, Douglas (2009). "Hippota Nestor - 3. Vedic". Center for Hellenic Studies. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. pṛithvī́-.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. pisán-.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. śúsna-.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. tritá-.
  26. 1 2 Benveniste, Émile (1975). Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste. Peeters Publishers. p. 61. ISBN   978-2-8017-0012-9.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. uśánā-.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vā́ta- and vāyú-.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yamá
  30. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. áśman-.
  31. 1 2 Orel 2003, p. 169.
  32. 1 2 Kroonen 2013, p. 220.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. devá-.
  34. ↑ Čačava, Msia. "Dev" [Div]. In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online, edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1981]. p. 569. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.3.099/html. Accessed 2023-01-16.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. devī́-.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gandharvá-.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ásura-.
  38. ↑ Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN   978-0190226923.
  39. ↑ Blazek, Václav (2005). "Indo-Iranian elements in Fenno-Ugric mythological lexicon". Indogermanische Forschungen. 110 (1): 162. doi:10.1515/9783110185164.162.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. bhišáj-.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. dáś-.
  42. 1 2 3 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. divyá-.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gav(i).
  44. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. gír-.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. amśú-.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. āprī́-.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yajatá-.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. yajñá-.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. íd-.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. īd-.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛ́si-.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛtá-.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. ṛtā́van-.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hav-.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hótar-.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. hótrā-.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. námas-.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. sóma-.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vájra-.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vandi-.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. uśíj-.
  62. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vípra-.
  63. 1 2 3 4 Lubotsky 2011, s.v. vratá-.

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