Proutista moesta

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Proutista moesta
Proutista moesta.jpg
Frontal view of Proutista moesta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Derbidae
Genus: Proutista
Species:
P. moesta
Binomial name
Proutista moesta
(Westwood, 1851) [1]
Synonyms [2] [3] [4] [5]
  • Derbe (Phenice) moestaWestwood, 1851 [1]
  • Phenice moesta (Westwood, 1851) [2]
  • Thracia albipes Walker, 1870 [6]
  • Assamia dentata Buckton, 1896 [7]
  • Phenice maculosa Krüger, 1897 [8]

Proutista moesta is a common species of planthopper from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini. It is found in tropical parts of Asia from India to southern parts of China, some islands in the western Pacific (Taiwan, parts of Japan, Philippines, Guam, parts of Northern Marianas, Palau, parts of the Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea), as well as in the Indian Ocean (Seychelles, Maldives). [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] There is also a record from eastern Africa, a possible recent introduction. [15] P. moesta can be common on crops like oil palms, coconut palms, sugarcane and several cereals, where it sucks the sap from the plants. It is often regarded as a pest of these crops, a vector of phytoplasma diseases and a biosecurity risk in countries outside its distribution range. [16] [17] [18] [19] Males of P. moesta are smaller (around 6.9 mm) than females (around 7.6 mm) when measured from the tip of the head to the end of the forewings. The forewings alone have a length of around 6.1 mm for males or around 6.6 mm for females. [12] The colour is predominantly black, but the legs, antennae, facial ridges and the rostrum are yellowish to light orange. The ridges on the mesonotum and the clypeus are whitish to light yellow and the body has scattered white dots. The black forewings have some clear patches, mainly along the costal margin and in the distal half between the hind margin and the media vein. When at rest, the insect raises its wings above the body and spreads them out at an angle of about 60°. [12] [15] [20]

Contents

Distribution

Distribution range of Proutista moesta Proutista moesta distribution.png
Distribution range of Proutista moesta

Proutista moesta is the most common species in the genus Proutista in Asia. Its distribution ranges from Tanzania in eastern Africa over the Seychelles and the Maldives in the India Ocean to India and Sri Lanka. [1] [7] [14] The only record from Africa possibly represents a new introduction. [15] Further east, Proutista moesta has been reported from southern parts of mainland Asia (Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China) and from various islands in the western parts of the Pacific. These apparently include most parts of Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Guam, Palau and New Guinea. There are also records from Japan, from parts of the Northern Marianas (Tinian, Rota) and from parts of the Federated States of Micronesia (Losap Atoll, Nomwin Atoll). [9] [10] [21] [11] [13] [17] In his original description, Westwood gives eastern India ("India orientali") as type locality. [1] The type localities of the species which are now regarded as synonyms of P. moesta is Assam (north-eastern India) for Assamia dentata, Flores (Indonesia) for Thracia albipes and Java (Indonesia) for Phenice maculosa. [6] [7] [8]

Description

Head and wings of Proutista moesta. Left: head in profile and frontal view. Right: forewing venation (top) and hind wing venation (bottom) Proutista moesta.png
Head and wings of Proutista moesta. Left: head in profile and frontal view. Right: forewing venation (top) and hind wing venation (bottom)

Proutista moesta is one of the smaller species in the genus Proutista . The body from the tip of the head to the end of the abdomen is around 3 mm long and the length of the forewings is about 6 to 6½ mm. Females are on average about 10% larger than males. For example, the size of specimens from Taiwan has been given as 6.8 to 7.0 mm for males and 7.4 to 7.8 mm for females, when measured from the tip of the head to the end of the forewings, with forewings alone having a length of 6.1 to 6.2 mm for males and 6.5 to 6.8 mm for females. [12]

Like in other species of the genus Proutista, the media vein of the forewing has 6 branches which do not fork further into sub branches. The hind wings are about half as long as the forewings and have rounded tips. The forewings have a club-shaped outline with a narrow basal part which widens abruptly to an unusually broad distal part. The face (frons) is narrow and the facial ridges meet in front of the eyes. [22] [12]

Side view of Proutista moesta Proutista moesta Indonesia.png
Side view of Proutista moesta

Proutista moesta is predominantly black, except for the legs, the antennae, the upper parts of the facial ridges and the rostrum which are yellowish to light orange. The mesoscutellum and ridges on the mesonotum, on the abdomen and on the clypeus are whitish to light yellow or orange. The abdominal segments have rows of white dots and the rest of the body has also some small scattered white marks. The black forewings have a whitish outer margin, whitish tips and clear patches along the costal margin and in the distal half between the hind margin and the media vein. The hindwings are black with some clear patches along the hind margin. When at rest, P. moesta raises its wings above the body and spreads them out at an angle of about 60°. [12] [15] [20]

Biology and impact

Group of Proutista moesta (Derbidae) feeding on a leaf near Chiang Mai (Thailand) from iNaturalist Proutista moesta Thailand.png
Group of Proutista moesta (Derbidae) feeding on a leaf near Chiang Mai (Thailand) from iNaturalist

Like for other members of the family Derbidae, the immature stages of Proutista moesta have been associated with decaying organic matter and apparently feed on fungi. For example, immature P. moesta have been found in oil palm bunch waste. [23] The adult hoppers feed by sucking the sap from monocots. Palm trees like coconut and oil palms are being cited most often as host plants, but sugarcane and cereals like maize or millet are also hosts. [7] [24] [25] [15] [17]

Proutista moesta can be very common and is often cited as an agricultural pest of oil palms or sugarcane. [17] In Australia, it is regarded as a biosecurity risk, apparently mainly due to its ability to harbour phytoplasma diseases. [19] However, apart from recording the seasonal frequency, there does not seem to be any information on the impact of the insect on the growth or yield of its host plants. [18] Economically more important appears to be the role of P. moesta as a disease vector. This is mainly based on the presence of the disease agents inside the insects. [16] [26] However, a transmission trial also provided evidence that P. moesta is a vector of phytoplasma diseases in coconut palms. [27]

Taxonomy

Structures on the tip of the male abdomen in Proutista moesta (left) and Proutista fritillaris (right) showing the anal segment, the left paramere and the aedeagus Proutista moesta+fritillaris.png
Structures on the tip of the male abdomen in Proutista moesta (left) and Proutista fritillaris (right) showing the anal segment, the left paramere and the aedeagus

Proutista moesta is the type species of the genus Proutista. [7] Compared to the other species in this genus, it is most similar to Proutista fritillaris (Boheman 1838), a species common in tropical parts of Africa. However, it is about 10 to 15% smaller and darker compared to P. fritillaris. Males of both species can be reliably separated by the structure of their abdominal tip, that is the morphology of the anal segment, the parameres and the aedeagi (see the illustration on the right). In P. moesta, the anal segment is more strongly bent down and the parameres are much broader. Further, in P. moesta the aedeagus has a large central process which is directed forward, a pointed process on the right side directed upwards, a small terminal process also directed upwards and a slender plate on the left side, directed backwards and upwards. [15] [12] In contrast, the aedeagus of Proutista fritillaris has three large pointed and slightly curved processes, directed upwards and forward. Especially, the left pointed process of P. fritillaris is missing in P. moesta and replaced by a slender plate. [28] Currently (2024), the distribution of both species only overlaps in Tanzania. [15] [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planthopper</span> Superfamily of insects

A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains two superfamilies, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derbidae</span> Family of true bugs

The family Derbidae is a large and diverse group of planthoppers, widely distributed in the tropics and also found in subtropical and temperate regions. It includes more than 150 genera and more than 1500 species. The adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter, for example under the bark of dead tree trunks, feeding on fungi. In some groups of species the general structure of the insects is largely uniform, whereas in others like in the subfamily Otiocerinae various forms can be found. For example, the shape of the head, the antennae or the wings can differ considerably among genera and species.

<i>Neocenchrea heidemanni</i> Species of true bug

Neocenchrea heidemanni is a species of derbid planthopper in the family Derbidae.

<i>Neocenchrea</i> Genus of true bugs

Neocenchrea is a genus of derbid planthoppers in the family Derbidae. There are about five described species in Neocenchrea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derbinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Derbinae is a subfamily of derbid planthoppers in the family Derbidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhotanini</span> Tribe of true bugs

The Rhotanini is a group (tribe) of planthoppers in the family Derbidae. They are found mainly in countries of south-eastern Asia like Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. They are characterized by their small size, their broad forewings, the vein pattern on their wings, and a simple head structure. Around 300 species have been described. Like in other derbids, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter.

<i>Levu</i> Genus of planthoppers

Levu is a genus of small planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 30 species. The species are found mainly on the islands of the western Pacific, particularly Melanesia. A few species have been also reported from eastern Australia and mainland Asia. The adult hoppers are around 4–5 mm long from head to the tip of the forewings. They lack the bright colours or conspicuous wing patters of other derbids, but a few species have red or orange markings. The wings may be carried in a roof-like (tectiform) position when the insects are at rest or they form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Rhotana</i> Genus of planthoppers

Rhotana is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 70 species. Most species have been reported from the rainforests of Borneo, Indonesia and New Guinea, but the distribution of the genus extends over a much wider area in southern and south-eastern Asia, as far north as southern Japan and including parts of the Pacific islands as well as Australia. The species are the largest in the tribe Rhotanini, typically between 5–6 mm from head to the tip of the wings. The forewings frequently have striking patterns and colours, some species have also marks on the hind wings.

<i>Saccharodite</i> Genus of planthoppers

Saccharodite is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 100 species. The largest number of species have been reported from Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Philippines, but the genus has a much wider distribution, ranging from Sri Lanka in the West, over southern parts of mainland Asia up to southern Japan in the North. Saccharodite is also found in other parts of the western Pacific like Micronesia, Fiji and New Caledonia, up to eastern parts of Australia, in the South as far as Tasmania. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the forewings. They are characterized by their forewing venation. The forewings are usually glassy and bright red marks are common on the head and body, up to most parts except the wings being coloured bright red. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Alara</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Alara is a genus of small planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 30 species. The species are found mainly in New Guinea, other parts of Indonesia, Borneo and the Philippines. However, some species have been also reported from Sri Lanka, parts of mainland Asia, Taiwan and Australia. The adult hoppers are around 4 mm long from head to the end of the wings. The forewings are nearly oval in outline with 5 broad costal cells that gradually decrease in length from the base to the tip of the wings. The antennae and the rostrum are longer than in other genera of Rhotanini. The forewings are often dark brown and lack any bright colours. However, there may be red marks on the head. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Dichotropis</i> Genus of planthopper

Dichotropis is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 9 species. The species are found on the island of New Guinea, including the Indonesian part and the neighbouring islands of New Britain and New Ireland. The distribution range of several species extends to other countries, as far as West Malaysia, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and northern Australia. The adult hoppers are around 5–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. The species can be recognized by their white and powdered forewings which are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest. The ridges on the sides of the face are separated and do not meet in front of the eyes. The body is typically straw-coloured or light brown. The ridges on the head may be orange or the whole head and body may be orange, but bright red marks are missing.

<i>Rhotanella</i> Genus of planthopper

Rhotanella is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 8 species. The species are found in the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and southern China. The adult hoppers are between 4–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by the shape and venation of their forewings which have a broad base and 5 very wide costal cells. Especially the first (basal) costal cell is very broad and has a width of about one quarter to one third of the width of the whole wing. The ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The profile of the head is also unusual for the tribe Rhotanini and has either an approximately rectangular or a somewhat triangular outline. The colour of the body is straw-coloured to light brown. The legs may be partly red or have red stripes. The forewings are brownish, but may have red marks in the costal cells. The forewings are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest.

<i>Sumangala</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Sumangala is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini. The 13 species are found in southern Asia from southern India and Sri Lanka in the West over parts of mainland Asia to south-east Asian islands like Taiwan and the Philippines and including parts of Indonesia. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by their forewing venation where the branch of the cubitus joins the first media branch to form the basal median cell, unlike in other genera of Rhotanini where the basal median cell is formed by a crossvein between the first media branch and the cubitus branch or by the first branch of the media splitting again close to its base and the inner sub branch joining the cubitus branch. In Sumangala, the first media branch does not split and as a consequence only 6 veins of the cubitus-media complex reach the margin at the end of the wing. The forewings of Sumangala are mainly whitish and most of them lack larger black marks.

<i>Muiralevu</i> Genus of planthopper

Muiralevu is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 19 species. While the species of all other genera in the tribe Rhotanini are only found in southern Asia and the Pacific, the species of Muiralevu also occur in western Africa. The distribution of the type species covers several West African countries, ranging from Sierra Leone to the Central African Republic. Four other, very similar species are also found in western Africa, while 14 other species occur in south-eastern Asia. The species of Muiralevu can be recognized by their forewing venation, especially the 4 costal cells and the venation around the basal median cell. Apart from the basal median cell, there is also a characteristic trapezoid cell at the base of the first media branch. On average, the forewings are more elongated compared to most other species of Rhotanini. The adult hoppers are between 4 and 6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. The head is evenly rounded and the ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The body is usually straw-coloured to light brown. The forewings are mostly whitish and powdered, but in a few species they have large black marks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoraidini</span> Tribe of true bugs

The Zoraidini is a group (tribe) of planthoppers in the family Derbidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, Australia and in parts of the western Pacific. Almost 300 species in 27 genera are recognized. They are characterized by their long and narrow forewings and the short hind wings, usually not longer than half the length of the forewings and often even shorter. The forewings are typically around 8–10 mm long and the body is usually not more than half that length. In most species, the wings are raised when the insects are at rest, and are often spread out at an angle of about 45–90°. The head is compressed and the face is narrow in frontal view. The antennae are often long and the eyes cover about half the face. Like in other derbids, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter. A few species are regarded as minor agricultural pests.

<i>Zoraida</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthoppers

Zoraida is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with more than 100 species. These are widely distributed in the Old World tropics and in some subtropical parts of eastern Asia. In Africa, they are found mainly in the humid tropics of West Africa like Sierra Leone, the Ivory Coast, the Central African Republic, Nigeria or the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, Zoraida species have been also described from eastern Africa as far north as South Sudan and as far south as parts of South Africa. In Asia, the largest number of species have been described/reported from Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Sri Lanka, but species are also known as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the southern tip of far-eastern Russia. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, Zoraida species have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. They can be identifies by the forewing venation and the structure of the head.

<i>Proutista</i> Genus of planthoppers

Proutista is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 10 species, as of 2024. The type species, Proutista moesta is widely distributed and often very common, its distribution ranging from Tanzania in Africa, over some Indian Ocean islands and southern parts of western Asia to far eastern Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Seven of the remaining species are also found in tropical parts of Asia and only two additional species have been recorded from Africa, where Proutista fritillaris is the most common one. The species of Proutista are characterized by a combination of different features, mainly the shape and venation of the forewings, the size of the hind wings and the structure of the head and the antennae. On the forewings the media vein has 6 branches, none of them branching further into sub branches. The hind wings are about half as long as the forewings and have a rounded tip. The head has a narrow face (frons) and the antennae are rather short, much shorter than the face.

<i>Diostrombus</i> Genus of planthoppers

Diostrombus is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with more than 40 species. The large majority of species have been described from Africa and the Near East. However, a few species, including the type species, are found in southern and eastern parts of Asia. In Africa, the distribution range of Diostrombus species extends from the humid tropics of western Africa to many parts of eastern Africa, as far north as parts of Sudan and as far south as South Africa. Three species have been described from Yemen and the Iran. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, species of Diostrombus have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. The main characteristic of Diostrombus is the forewing venation with the media vein having 6 branches which do not split further into sub branches. The hind wings are much shorter than half the forewing length and have a pointed tip. In profile the head is usually flat, but in some African species, the ridges on the sides of the face are extended in front of the antennae. The face is narrow. The antennae are short compared to other genera of the tribe Zoraidini, about half as long as the face.

<i>Pamendanga</i> Genus of planthoppers

Pamendanga is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 37 species, as of 2024. About two-thirds of the species, including the type species, are found in tropical and some subtropical parts of Asia, from Sri Lanka in the West to parts of Japan in the North-East and including the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea. The remaining species have been described from Africa, mainly from the humid tropics of West Africa, ranging from Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast in the North to the Democratic Republic of Congo in the South. Some species are also known from eastern Africa. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, Pamendanga species have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. They can be recognized by the forewing venation and the shape of the head and the antennae. On the forewing, the media vein has 6 branches and the 3rd branch forks further into 2 sub branches. The head has a flat profile and a narrow face with cylindrical antennae which are elongated but not longer than the face.

References

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  18. 1 2 Kumar, Anil; Pal, Suprakash (2022). "Seasonal incidence of derbid plant hopper, Proutista moesta Westwood (Derbidae:Hemiptera) in sugarcane". Agrica. 11 (2): 136–141. doi:10.5958/2394-448X.2022.00017.7.
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  24. ↑ Zelazny, B.; Pacumbaba, E. (1982). "Phytophagous insects associated with cadang-cadang infected and healthy coconut palms in South-eastern Luzon, Philippines". Ecological Entomology. 7 (1): 113–120. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1982.tb00649.x.
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  28. ↑ Synave, Henri (1973). Monographie des Derbidae africains (Homoptera – Fulgoroidea). Etude du Continent Africain. Vol. 2. Brussels, Belgium: Recherche Fondamentale Collective. pp. 1–223.
  29. ↑ "Proutista moesta (Westwood, 1851)". Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW). Retrieved 4 October 2024.
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