Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, artistry and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which gymnasts perform on a floor with an apparatus: hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon and rope. The sport combines elements of gymnastics, dance and calisthenics; gymnasts must be strong, flexible, agile, dexterous and coordinated. Rhythmic gymnastics is governed by the International Gymnastics Federation (FiG), which first recognized it as a sport in 1963. It became an Olympic sport in 1984, with an individual all-around event. The group all-around competition was added to the Olympics in 1996. At the international level, rhythmic gymnastics is a women-only sport. The most prestigious competitions, besides the Olympic Games, are the World Championships, World Games, European Championships, European Games, the World Cup Series and the Grand Prix Series. Gymnasts are judged on their artistry, execution of skills, and difficulty of skills, for which they gain points. They perform leaps, balances, and rotations along with handling the apparatus.
Marian Drăgulescu is a former Romanian artistic gymnast. During his senior gymnastics career he won 31 medals at Olympic Games at World and European Championships, of which eight are gold medals at the World Championships and ten are gold medals at European Championships. Drăgulescu's strongest events were vault and floor, on which he was a multiple world champion and Olympic medalist. The handspring double front somersault with ½ turn is named after him in the Code of Points. In the all-around, Drăgulescu was the European champion (2004) and bronze medalist (2000) and placed 8th at the 2004 Olympic Games.
The Code of Points is a rulebook that defines the scoring system for each level of competition in gymnastics. There is not a universal international Code of Points, and every oversight organization — such as the FIG, NCAA Gymnastics, and most national gymnastics federations — designs and employs its own unique Code of Points.
Daiane Garcia dos Santos is a retired artistic gymnast. She is the 2003 world champion on the floor apparatus. On doing so, she became the first black gymnast to ever win an event at the World Championships as well as the first Brazilian and South American to win the competition. She represented Brazil at the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics. Widely regarded as the most powerful tumbler of her generation by critics and fellow competitors alike, the gymnast had two eponymous skills added on the FIG code of points after being the first woman to compete them at international championships. Dos Santos I, an F rated element, and Dos Santos II, an H rated element on the 2017–2020 COP.
Diego Matias Hypólito is a Brazilian gymnast, the 2005 and 2007 World Champion in the floor exercise. He is the first male gymnast from Brazil, and South America, to win a medal at the World Championships. He also won 63 medals in the World Cup. Hypólito has represented Brazil at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games. He received the silver medal in floor exercise at the 2016 Olympic Games.
Ioannis Melissanidis is a retired Greek artistic gymnast and the 1996 Olympic champion on the floor exercise. He was also the first Greek gymnast ever to medal at the World Championships. He was named one of the 1996 Greek Male Athletes of the Year.
Ri Se-gwang is a retired North Korean artistic gymnast, representing the April 25 Sports Club. He is often considered a specialist on vault apparatus in the sport of men’s artistic gymnastics (MAG).
Alexander "Alex" Shatilov is a USSR-born Israeli artistic gymnast. He specializes in the floor exercise, in which he won several medals at World and European Championships, reached the finals at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics, and competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2013, Shatilov won a gold medal at the European Championship in gymnastics in Moscow, Russia. He represented Israel at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Kōhei Uchimura is a retired Japanese artistic gymnast. He is a seven-time Olympic medalist, winning three golds and four silvers, and a 21-time World medalist.
Phan Thị Hà Thanh is a retired Vietnamese artistic gymnast from Haiphong and a two-time Olympian. She is currently the most decorated and successful gymnast from Vietnam on the international stage. She became the first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam, capturing the bronze on vault at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.
Yang Hak-seon is a South Korean artistic gymnast who specialises in the vault. He is the first South Korean gymnast to win an Olympic gold medal.
Simone Arianne Biles Owens is an American artistic gymnast. The most decorated American gymnast in history, she is widely considered one of the greatest gymnasts of all time. Her seven Olympic gymnastics medals are ninth-most of all time and tied with Shannon Miller for the most by a U.S. gymnast.
Kenzō Shirai is a Japanese men's former athlete of artistic gymnastics (AG). Born in Yokohama, Kanagawa, he, a graduate of Kishine High School, joined the Nippon Sport Science University (Nittaidai). Shirai took the team gold, and a bronze on individual vault with the Japanese men's AG (MAG) national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics (OG) in Rio de Janeiro while more major wins were from the World Championships (WC).
Nikita Vladimirovich Nagornyy is a Russian artistic gymnast and two-time Olympian, representing Russia in 2016 and ROC in 2020. He was part of the teams who won gold at the 2020 Olympic Games and 2019 World Championships and silver at the 2016 Olympic Games and 2018 World Championships.
Marcia Teresa Videaux Jiménez is a Cuban artistic gymnast. She is the 2015 Pan American Games champion and the 2018 Pan American Championships silver medalist on the vault. She is the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games team, all-around, and floor exercise champion and the vault and uneven bars silver medalist. She has won four medals, including two gold, on the FIG World Cup series. She represented Cuba at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.
Manrique Larduet Bicet is a Cuban artistic gymnast. At the 2015 World Championships, he won the silver medal in the all-around- becoming Cuba's first World all-around medalist. He is also the 2015 World horizontal bar bronze medalist, and he represented Cuba at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He is the 2015 Pan American Games vault champion and all-around silver medalist. He is the 2018 Pan American all-around champion and a two-time Pan American champion on the parallel bars At the 2014 Pan American Sports Festival he won medals in every event, including the all-around gold. He withdrew from the 2020 Summer Olympics due to a dispute with the Cuban Gymnastics Federation, and he now lives and trains in Italy.
Artem Olegovich Dolgopyat is a Ukrainian-born Israeli artistic gymnast. He is the 2020 Olympic champion and the 2023 World champion on floor exercise. He also won two silver medals at the 2017 and 2019 World Championships on the floor exercise, and is the 2020 and 2022 European champion of that exercise.
The men's floor event at the 2020 Summer Olympics was held on 24 July and 1 August 2021 at the Ariake Gymnastics Centre. Approximately 70 gymnasts from 35 nations competed on floor in the qualifying round.
There are currently five elements in the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Code of Points named after American gymnast Simone Biles: two on vault, one on balance beam, and two on floor exercise.
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