Restorative Liberal Revolution | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Venezuelan civil wars and Venezuelan coups d'état | |||||||
Entrance of Cipriano Castro in Caracas in 1899 | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Restorative Rebels | Government of Ignacio Andrade | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Cipriano Castro Juan Vicente Gómez Luciano Mendoza Leopoldo Baptista Samuel Acosta Luis Lima Loreto | Ignacio Andrade Diego Bautista Ferrer |
The Restorative Liberal Revolution, also known as the Invasion of the 60 due to the number of men with whom the movement began, [1] was an expedition of Venezuelans exiled in Colombia under the command of Cipriano Castro that began on 23 May 1899, with the purpose of overthrowing the government of Venezuelan President Ignacio Andrade.
The political crisis experienced by the regime of Ignacio Andrade, and Yellow Liberalism in general, after the death of Joaquín Crespo in the Battle of Mata Carmelera , was an opportunity for Cipriano Castro to launch the last phase of the revolutionary movement that he had been organizing in his exile in Colombia, since the defeat of the Legalist Revolution in 1893.
Initially, he proposed an alliance with Carlos Rangel Garbiras , also in exile, but given the failure of the talks and the fragility of the Andrade government, he decided to rely only on his 60 men and the Castro Restorative Liberal party that awaited him in Táchira. So he began his revolution crossing the border of the Táchira River on 23 May 1899.
The forces of the rebels grew as they entered the Venezuelan Andean center to overthrow the unpopular Andrade government. On 12 September, with already 2,000 troops under his command, Castro defeated 4,000 government soldiers commanded by the Minister of War, General Diego Bautista Ferrer, in the Battle of Tocuyito , who lost 2,000 men trying to assault the enemy positions. [2]
Two days later Andrade assumed personal command of the government army and Castro launched a coordinated offensive against Caracas. After this, several warlords and their militias deserted to the rebel side. When Castro was preparing to confront Luciano Mendoza in La Victoria, he was surprised that General Ferrer decided to disobey the government's orders and not confront him. With 10,000 soldiers, Castro entered the capital on 23 October [2] [3] with generals and caudillos Luciano Mendoza, Samuel Acosta and Luis Lima Loreto by his side. [4] Andrade is overthrown in a coup and forced into exile on Curaçao. [2]
Táchira State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristóbal.
José Cipriano Castro Ruiz was a high-ranking officer of the Venezuelan military, politician and the president of Venezuela from 1899 to 1908. He was the first man from the Venezuelan Andes to rule the country, and was the first of four military strongmen from the Andean state of Táchira to rule the country over the next 46 years.
Ignacio Andrade Troconis, was a military man and politician. He was known as a member of the Liberal yellow party, and served as the president of Venezuela from 1898 until 1899 – his election was declaredly clouded by fraud.
Victorino Márquez Bustillos, was a Venezuelan lawyer and politician, and was provisional president of Venezuela from 1914 to 1922. Although Bustillos was elected by Congress, General Juan Vicente Gómez remained the real power behind the presidency. Victorino Márquez died in Caracas on 10 January 1941, aged 82.
The Thousand Days' War was a civil war fought in Colombia from 17 October 1899 to 21 November 1902, at first between the Liberal Party and the government led by the National Party, and later – after the Conservative Party had ousted the National Party – between the liberals and the conservative government. Caused by the longstanding ideological tug-of-war of federalism versus centralism between the liberals, conservatives, and nationalists of Colombia following the implementation of the Constitution of 1886 and the political process known as the Regeneración, tensions ran high after the presidential election of 1898, and on 17 October 1899, official insurrection against the national government was announced by members of the Liberal Party in the Department of Santander. Hostilities did not begin until the 11th of November, when liberal factions attempted to take over the city of Bucaramanga, leading to active warfare. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Neerlandia and the Treaty of Wisconsin. The war resulted in a Conservative victory, and ensured the continued dominance of the Conservative Party in Colombian politics for another 28 years. Colombia's political structure as a unitary state has not been challenged since.
José María Dionisio Melo y Ortiz was a Colombian general and political figure who fought in the South American wars of independence, and who rose to power and briefly held the presidency of Colombia in 1854. Of Pijao ancestry, he is considered the country's first and only indigenous president.
Rafael Victor Zenón Uribe Uribe was a Colombian lawyer, journalist, and general in the liberal party rebel army.
Tocuyito is a city of Venezuela, capital of the Libertador Municipality in Carabobo State. It is part of the metropolitan area of Valencia. This city is considered the entry point to Valencia from the motorways that lead to the Southwest (Barquisimeto) and South.
United Kingdom–Venezuela relations are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Venezuela since 1817 when so-called "British Legions" of former British soldiers fought to defend the Third Republic of Venezuela against Spanish royalists in the Venezuelan War of Independence.
Francisco Alvarado Arellano was a Venezuelan military man and politician. He is known for participating in the Federal War besides general Pedro Manuel Rojas. He was also a national representative for the Táchira territory.
Following the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuela initially won independence from the Spanish Empire as part of Gran Colombia. Internal tensions led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830/31, with Venezuela declaring independence in 1811. For the rest of the nineteenth century, independent Venezuela saw a range of caudillos (strongmen) compete for power. Leading political figures included José Antonio Páez, Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Cipriano Castro.
The Battle of Bucaramanga took place during the Santander Campaign of the Thousand Days' War in Colombia. It ended on 13 November 1899 with a victory of the Conservative forces over the Liberals after a two day battle. After an earlier defeat in a naval engagement on the Magdalena River, the Liberal rebels skirmished with the Conservative government around Piedecuesta in late October. The Conservative forces under General Juan B. Tovar conducted a fighting retreat to Bucaramanga.
The Battle of Carazúa was a battle of the Thousand Days' War. It took place on 13 September 1901 between Colombia and Venezuela.
The Venezuelan civil wars were a long series of conflicts that devastated the country during most of the 19th century.
The Coro Revolution, also known as the Colinada Revolution, was an armed insurrection led by General León Colina that occurred in Venezuela between October 1874 and February 1875 against the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco. The conflict was one of the main armed movements against the dictatorship of Antonio Guzmán Blanco.
The Queipa Revolution was a military uprising that took place in Venezuela on 2 March 1898, after 1897 when Joaquín Crespo organized electoral fraud to ensure the victory of his ally, Ignacio Andrade. The defeated candidate and leader José Manuel Hernández, better known as Mocho Hernández, rose up against Crespo.
The Liberating Revolution was a civil war in Venezuela between 1901 and 1903 in which a coalition of regional caudillos led by the banker Manuel Antonio Matos tried to overthrow the government of Cipriano Castro.
During the 1908 Venezuelan coup d'état General Juan Vicente Gómez took power on December 19 during the absence of President Cipriano Castro. He ruled as a dictator until his death in 1935, either directly by having himself elected by Congress directly or indirectly through civilian puppet governments that obeyed him.
Buenaventura Macabeo Maldonado Vivas was a Venezuelan military man and politician, and a key figure in the political and military conflicts of the Venezuelan and Latin American Andes.
Víctor Eladio Rodríguez Párraga was a Venezuelan military personage and politician, who served as interim president of Venezuela from 20 to 23 October 1899. His short administration followed that of Ignacio Andrade and preceded that of Cipriano Castro, coinciding with the triumph of the Restorative Liberal Revolution. His parents were José del Rosario Rodríguez and Juana Párraga. Víctor Rodríguez was married to Luisa Mariño de Rodríguez, daughter of Santiago Mariño, with whom he had 6 children.