Revised Penal Code | |
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Philippine Legislature | |
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Citation | Act No. 3815 |
Territorial extent | Philippines |
Enacted by | Governor-General of the Philippines with the advice and consent of the Philippine Legislature |
Enacted | December 8, 1930 |
Signed | December 8, 1930 |
Commenced | January 1, 1932 |
Amended by | |
Presidential Decree No. 1602 (Gambling) Presidential Decree No. 1613 (Arson) Presidential Decree No. 1744 (Arson) | |
Keywords | |
Criminal law | |
Status: Amended |
The Revised Penal Code contains the general penal laws of the Philippines. First enacted in 1930, it remains in effect today, despite several amendments thereto. It does not comprise a comprehensive compendium of all Philippine penal laws. The Revised Penal Code itself was enacted as Act No. 3815, and some Philippine criminal laws have been enacted outside of the Revised Penal Code as separate Republic Acts.
The Revised Penal Code supplanted the 1870 Spanish Código Penal, which was in force in the Philippines (then a colony of the Spanish Empire up to 1898) from 1886 to 1930, after a failed attempt in to be implemented in 1877. The new Code was drafted by a committee created in 1927, and headed by Judge Anacleto Díaz, who would later serve on the Supreme Court. Rather than engage in a wholesale codification of all penal laws in the Philippines, the committee instead revised the old Penal Code and included all other penal laws only insofar as they related to the Penal Code.
The Revised Penal Code criminalizes a whole class of acts that are generally accepted as criminal, such as the taking of a life whether through murder or homicide, rape, robbery theft, and treason. The Code also penalizes other acts that are considered criminal in the Philippines, such as adultery, concubinage, and abortion. It expressly defines the elements that each crime comprises, and the existence of all these elements has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt in order to secure a conviction.
Not all crimes in the Philippines are penalized under the Code; certain crimes, such as the illegal possession of firearms, are penalized under special legislation contained in Republic Acts. The most notable crimes now excluded from the Revised Penal Code are those concerning illegal drug use or trafficking, which are penalized instead under the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 and later the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 . [1] [2]
One distinct aspect of the Revised Penal Code centers on its classification of aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances, the appreciation of which affects the gradation of penalties. Penalties under the Revised Penal Code are generally divided into three periods – the minimum period, the medium period, and the maximum period. In addition to establishing the elements of the crime, the prosecution may also establish the presence of aggravating circumstances in order to set the penalty at the maximum period, or mitigating circumstances to reduce the penalty to its minimum period. The presence of both aggravating and mitigating circumstance, or the absence of such circumstances, may result in the imposition of the penalty in its medium period. [3]
Several provisions of the Revised Penal Code have also been amended through Republic Acts. One of the more consequential amendments came in 1997, with the passage of Republic Act No. 8353, the Anti-Rape Law of 1997. [4] Prior to the 1997 amendments, rape had been classified as a crime against chastity and was defined as "having carnal knowledge of a woman" under enumerated circumstances that indicated lack of consent. [3] Under the amendments, rape was reclassified as a crime against persons. The definition was further expanded from mere "carnal knowledge of a woman" and now included "an act of sexual assault by inserting his penis into other person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person." Additional circumstances by which the victim would be deemed incapable of giving valid consent were also integrated into this new definition of rape. [4]
With the abolition of the death penalty in 2006, the highest penalty currently possible under the Revised Penal Code is reclusión perpetua , which ranges from 20 years and 1 day to 40 years' imprisonment. [3] [5] [6] The penalty of life imprisonment is not provided for in the Revised Penal Code, although it is imposed by other penal statutes such as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act. [2]
Republic Act 10951, signed by president Rodrigo Duterte in 2017, updated the fines and penalties to the law. Previously, the law mandated fines ranging from five to 100,000 pesos; the new law updated the fines, ranging from 1,000 pesos for other coercions and unjust vexations, up to 4 million for treason. The law also amends the length of incarceration for malversation of public funds. [7]
It states that the law shall be known as the "Revised Penal Code."
A preliminary article states when it takes effect (on January 1, 1932), and where the law can be enforced, which includes the Philippine archipelago, and on a Philippine ship or airship, among others.
Chapter One defines what a felony is, which are acts and omissions punishable by law, either by means of deceit, or by fault. It defines who is criminally liable, whether a felony is consummated, frustrated or attempted, when conspiracy and proposal to commit felonies are punishable, which felonies are light, less grave and grave.
The succeeding chapters list which circumstances justify, exempt, mitigate and aggravate criminal liability.
This title discusses who are the persons liable. These include the principals, accomplices and the accessories, with the latter classification not used for light felonies.
All penalties relating to death are commuted to reclusión perpetua.
Name | Type | Entire length | Minimum length | Medium length | Maximum length | Accessory penalties | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Death | Capital | Not applied; commuted to reclusión perpetua. | Perpetual absolute disqualification and that of civil interdiction during thirty years following the date of sentence | ||||
Reclusión perpetua | Afflictive | 20 years and 1 day to 40 years [8] | Civil interdiction for life or during the period of the sentence as the case may be, and perpetual absolute disqualification | ||||
Reclusión temporal | 12 years and one day to 20 years | 12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months | 14 years and 8 months to 17 years and 4 months | 17 years 4 months and 1 day to 20 years | |||
Prisión mayor | 6 years and one day to 12 years | 6 years and 1 day to 8 years | 8 years and 1 day to 10 years | 10 years and 1 day to 12 years |
| ||
Prisión correccional | Correctional | 6 months and one day to 6 years | 6 months and 1 day to 2 years and 4 months | 2 years, 4 months and 1 day to 4 years and 2 months | 4 years, 2 months and 1 day to 6 years | Suspension from public office, from the right to follow a profession or calling, and that of perpetual special disqualification from the right of suffrage, if the duration of said imprisonment shall exceed eighteen months. | |
Suspension | If suspension is imposed, 6 years | ||||||
Destierro | Any person sentenced to destierro shall not be permitted to enter the place or places designated in the sentence, nor within the radius therein specified, which shall be not more than 250 and not less than 25 kilometers from the place designated. | ||||||
Arresto mayor | 1 month and 1 day to 6 months | 1 month to 2 months | 2 months and 1 day to 4 months | 4 months and 1 day to 6 months | Suspension of the right to hold office and the right of suffrage during the term of the sentence | ||
Arresto menor | Light | 1 day to 30 days | 1 day to 10 days | 11 days to 20 days | 21 days to 30 days |
This discusses when criminal liability is extinguished. These include by death of the convict, service of the sentence, by amnesty, and by absolute pardon, among others.
This discusses when crimes can no longer be prosecuted, from the time the crime is discovered by the offended party, the authorities, or their agents.
Penalty | Length of time |
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Death, reclusión perpetua or reclusión temporal | 20 years |
Correctional penalty, except arresto mayor | 10 years |
Arresto mayor | 5 years |
Libel and other similar offenses | 1 year |
Oral defamation and slander | 6 months |
Light offenses | 2 months |
The law states that "every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable."
The code classifies crimes into different titles, each divided to one or more chapters, all of these in Book Two of the code.
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Treason | ₱4,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Conspiracy to commit treason | ₱2,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Proposal to commit treason | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Espionage | If a public officer | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals | If a public officer | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If a private individual | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Violation of neutrality | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Correspondence with hostile country | If prohibited by the government | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If correspondence was carried on in ciphers or conventional signs | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If information given might be useful to the enemy | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If information given might be useful to the enemy, and offender intended to aid the enemy | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Flight to enemy country | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Qualified piracy | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Arbitrary detention | Detention has not exceeded three days | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Detention is more than three days, but less than 15 days | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Detention is more than 15 days, but less than six months | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Detention has exceeded more than six months | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities. | Same as above penalties for arbitrary detention. | ||||||||||||||||||
Delaying release | |||||||||||||||||||
Expulsion | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Violation of domicile | If committed at night-time, or if any papers or effects not constituting evidence of a crime be not returned immediately after the search made by the offender | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally obtained | ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Searching domicile without witnesses | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful meetings | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Interruption of religious worship | If committed with violence or threats | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Offending the religious feelings | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Rebellion or insurrection | Offender promotes, maintains, or heads | ₱20,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Offender merely participating or executing the commands of others | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Coup d'etat | Offender leads or in any manner directs or commands others | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If a public officer participates, or executes directions or commands of others | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If not a public officer, and participates, or executes directions or commands of others | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d'etat | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Conspiracy and proposal to commit insurrection | ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Disloyalty of public officers or employees | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Inciting a rebellion or insurrection | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Sedition | If leader | ₱2,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Other participants | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Conspiracy to commit sedition | ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Inciting to sedition | ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Act tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly and similar bodies | ₱40,000 to ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Disturbance of proceedings | ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Violation of parliamentary immunity | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Illegal assemblies | If leader | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If present | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If present, and armed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Illegal associations | If founders, directors, and presidents | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If members | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Direct assaults | If assault is committed with a weapon, or against a person of authority | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Indirect assaults | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Disobedience to summons | ₱40,000 to ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority | Resist or seriously disobey | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Not of a serious nature | ₱2,000 to ₱20,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Tumultuous disturbance or interruption liable to cause disturbance | If serious disturbance | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If serious disturbance is of tumultuous character | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If offender make any outcry tending to incite rebellion or sedition or in such place shall display placards or emblems | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If offender buries with pomp the body of a person who has been legally executed | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful utterances | ₱40,000 to ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Alarms and scandals | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Delivery of prisoners from jails | If offender removes from any jail or penal establishment any person confined therein or shall help the escape of such person, by means of violence, intimidation, or bribery | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If by other means | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Evasion of service of sentence | If convict escaped | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If convict was unlawfully done | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If convict violated conditions of pardon | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Making and importing and uttering false coins | If coinage of the Philippines | ₱400,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If counterfeit is from a foreign country | ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Mutilation of coins | With connivance | ₱400,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Without connivance | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Forging treasury or bank notes on other documents payable to bearer; importing, and uttering such false or forged notes and documents | if the document is an obligation or security of the Philippines | ₱2,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
if the document is an obligation or security of a banking institution | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
if the document is an obligation or security of a foreign government | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
if the document is an obligation or security of a foreign bank | ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments not payable to bearer | ₱1,200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Falsification of legislative documents | ₱1,200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastic minister | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Falsification by private individual and use of falsified documents | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages | Creation of dispatch | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Usage of dispatch | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
False medical certificates, false certificates of merits or service, etc. | If physician or surgeon, or if a public officer | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If a private individual | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Usage of certificates | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements for falsification | Making or introduction | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Usage | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Using fictitious name and concealing true name. | If offender publicly use a fictitious name for the purpose of concealing a crime, evading the execution of a judgment or causing damage | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If offender conceals his true name and other personal circumstances | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Illegal use of uniforms or insignia | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
False testimony against a defendant | If the defendant was sentenced to death | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
if the defendant shall have been sentenced to reclusión temporal or reclusión perpetua | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the defendant shall have been sentenced to any other afflictive penalty | ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If the defendant shall have been sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine, or shall have been acquitted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
False testimony favorable to the defendants | If the prosecution is for a felony punishable by an afflictive penalty | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Any other case | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
False testimony in civil cases | If amount is more than one million pesos | ₱1,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If amount is less than one million pesos or cannot be estimated | ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Offering false testimony in evidence | Depends on the penalties for any of the false testimony crimes. | ||||||||||||||||||
Machinations in public auctions | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade | If affects any food substance, motor fuel or lubricants, or other articles of prime necessity | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If other products or service | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of metals | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Subsisting and altering trade-mark, trade-names, or service marks | ₱50 to ₱2,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Unfair competition, fraudulent registration of trade-mark, trade-name or service mark, fraudulent designation of origin, and false description | Yes |
Repealed by Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
Articles 195 to 199, which cover gambling, have been repealed by Presidential Decree 1602 as amended by Republic Act 9287.
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Grave scandal [lower-alpha 1] | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions and indecent shows | ₱20,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Prostitution | If recidivist | ₱20,000 to ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | ₱20,000 | Yes |
For purposes of this section, and elsewhere when cited, a public officer is a anyone who takes part in public functions of the government of the Philippines.
Other crimes committed by public officers are included in the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and other laws.
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Suspension or disqualification | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | ||||||
Knowingly rendering unjust judgment | Perpetual absolute disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Judgment rendered through negligence | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Unjust interlocutory order | All other cases | Suspension | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If offender have acted by reason of inexcusable negligence or ignorance, and order was manifestly unjust | ||||||||||||||||||||
Malicious delay in the administration of justice | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance | Suspension | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor, or revelation of secrets | ₱40,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Direct bribery | Agrees to perform the crime in connection with his duties, in consideration with an offer | Not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value | Special temporary disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer executed said act | Not less than the value of the gift and not more than twice such value | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the gift was accepted by the officer in consideration of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, and the officer did not execute said act | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
If the object for which the gift was received or promised was to make the public officer refrain from doing something which it was his official duty to do | Not less than the value of the gift and not more than three times such value | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Indirect bribery [lower-alpha 1] | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses | ₱40,000 to ₱2,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other frauds | Temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification | |||||||||||||||||||
Prohibited transactions | ₱40,000 to ₱2,000,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Possession of prohibited interest by a public officer | ₱40,000 to ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Malversation of public funds or property | If value is less than 40,000 pesos | Equal to the amount of the funds malversed or equal to the total value of the property embezzled | Perpetual special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 40,000 pesos and less than 1,200,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 1,200,000 pesos and less than 2,400,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 2,400,000 pesos and less than 4,400,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 4,400,000 pesos and less than 8,800,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 8,800,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Failure of accountable officer to render accounts | ₱40,000 to ₱1,200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Failure of a responsible public officer to render accounts before leaving the country | ₱40,000 to ₱200,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Failure to make delivery of public funds or property | 5% to 25% of the sum that was not delivered | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Conniving with or consenting to evasion of prisoners | If the fugitive shall have been sentenced by final judgment to any penalty | Temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If the fugitive shall not have been finally convicted but only held as a detention prisoner | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Evasion of prisoners through negligence | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Escape of prisoner under the custody of a person not a public officer | Same as the evasion of prisoners for public officers, only that it is one degree lower. | |||||||||||||||||||
Removal, concealment or destruction of documents | When serious damage is caused | ₱200,000 | Temporary special disqualification in its maximum period to perpetual disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
When damage is not serious | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Officer breaking seal | ₱400,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Opening of closed documents | ₱400,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Revelation of secrets by an officer | When serious damage is caused | ₱400,000 | Perpetual special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
When damage is not serious | ₱100,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Public officer revealing secrets of private individual | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Open disobedience to a judgment | ₱200,000 | Temporary special disqualification in its maximum period | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Disobedience to order of superior officers, when said order was suspended by inferior officer | Perpetual special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Refusal of assistance of a public officer | When serious damage is caused | ₱200,000 | Perpetual special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
When damage is not serious | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Refusal to discharge elective office | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Maltreatment of prisoners | If the purpose of the maltreatment is to extort a confession, or to obtain some information from the prisoner | ₱100,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Anticipation of duties of a public office | ₱100,000 | Suspension | ||||||||||||||||||
Prolonging performance of duties and powers of a public officer | ₱100,000 | Special temporary disqualification in its minimum period | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Abandonment of office or position of a public officer | If abandoned top evade discharge of the duties preventing, prosecuting or punishing any of the crime | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Usurpation of legislative powers | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Usurpation of executive functions | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Usurpation of judicial functions | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Disobeying request for disqualification | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Orders or requests by executive officers to any judicial authority | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Unlawful appointments | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Abuses against chastity by public officers | If against the wife, daughter, sister of relative within the same degree by affinity of any person in the custody of such warden or officer, | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Parricide | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Murder | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Homicide | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Frustrated parricide, murder or homicide | Same as respective punishments, only that it is one degree lower. | ||||||||||||||||||
Death caused in a tumultuous affray | If it cannot be ascertained who actually killed the deceased, but the person or persons who inflicted serious physical injuries can be identified | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If it cannot be determined who inflicted the serious physical injuries | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray | If serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the participants thereof and the person responsible thereof cannot be identified | Same as respective punishments, only that it is one degree lower. | |||||||||||||||||
When the physical injuries inflicted are of a less serious nature and the person responsible therefore cannot be identified | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Giving assistance to suicide | If person successfully kills oneself | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If a person merely assisted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If person failed in killing oneself | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Discharge of firearms | Unless it is an attempted or frustrated parricide, murder or homicide | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Infanticide | If committed by mother of the child for the purpose of concealing her dishonor | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If committed by maternal grandparents | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Same as parricide or murder | ||||||||||||||||||
Abortion | If violence upon the person of the pregnant woman was done | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If without violence upon and without the consent of the woman | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the woman consented | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Unintentional abortion | If violence was done | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Abortion practiced by the woman herself of by her parents | If practiced upon herself or consent to another person | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If practiced upon herself to conceal dishonor | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If practiced by her parents for concealing her dishonor | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives | If violence upon the person of the pregnant woman was done | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If without violence upon and without the consent of the woman | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the woman consented | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If pharmacist who, without the proper prescription from a physician shall dispense any abortive | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Dueling | If adversary was killed | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If no physical injuries inflicted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Challenging to a duel | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Mutilation | If victim was deprived either totally or partially, or some essential organ of reproduction. | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Serious physical injuries | If the injured person shall become insane, imbecile, impotent, or blind | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If person injured shall have lost the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg or shall have lost the use of any such member, or shall have become incapacitated for the work | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the person injured shall have become deformed, or shall have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance of the work | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the physical injuries inflicted shall have caused the illness or incapacity for labor of the injured person for more than thirty days | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Administering injurious substances or beverages | Same as serious physical injuries. | ||||||||||||||||||
Less serious physical injuries | If the physical injuries inflicted shall have caused the illness or incapacity for labor of the injured person for 10 days or more | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If manifest intent to insult or offend the injured person, or under circumstances adding ignominy to the offense | ₱50,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Inflicted upon the offender's parents, ascendants, guardians, curators, teachers, or persons of rank, or persons in authority | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Slight physical injuries and maltreatment | If the offender has inflicted physical injuries which shall incapacitate the offended party for labor from one to nine days, or shall require medical attendance | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If it caused physical injuries which do not prevent the offended party from engaging in his habitual work nor require medical assistance [lower-alpha 1] | ₱40,000 | Yes, or fine. | |||||||||||||||||
If the offender shall ill-treat another by deed without causing any injury | Yes, or fine | ||||||||||||||||||
Rape, when offender has carnal knowledge of a woman | All other cases | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If done with a deadly weapon | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If victim became insane | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If rape is attempted and homicide is committed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If rape and homicide is committed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the victim | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the victim is under the custody of the police or military authorities or any law enforcement or penal institution | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the rape is committed in full view of the spouse, parent, any of the children or other relatives within the third civil degree of consanguinity | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the victim is a religious engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is personally known to be such by the offender | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the victim is a child below seven years old | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the offender knows that he is afflicted with the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or any other sexually transmissible disease and the virus or disease is transmitted to the victim | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When committed by any member of the Armed Forces of the Philippines or para-military units thereof or the Philippine National Police or any law enforcement agency or penal institution, when the offender took advantage of his position to facilitate the commission of the crime | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, the victim has suffered permanent physical mutilation or disability | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the offender knew of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
When the offender knew of the mental disability, emotional disorder and/or physical handicap of the offended party | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Rape, if inserting his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person | Whenever the rape is committed with the use of a deadly weapon or by two or more persons | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, the victim has become insane | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If rape is attempted and homicide is committed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If rape and homicide is committed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Acts of lasciviousness | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Kidnapping and serious illegal detention | If committed for the purpose of extorting ransom | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Slight illegal detention | If offender released victim within three days of detention, did not attain purpose, and before proceedings against him | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Unlawful arrest | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Kidnapping and failure to return a minor | |||||||||||||||||||
Inducing a minor to abandon his home | If offender is parent of the minor | ₱40,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Slavery | If purpose is for illegal trafficking | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Child labor | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debt | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Abandonment of person in danger and abandonment of one's own victim | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Abandoning a minor | If minor died | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If minor was merely in danger | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Abandonment of minor by person entrusted with his custody | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Exploitation of minors | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Qualified trespass to dwelling | If committed by violence or intimidation | ₱200,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other forms of trespass | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Light threats | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other light threats | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Grave coercions | ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Light coercions | ₱15,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Other coercions or unjust vexations | ₱1,000 to ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Compulsory purchase of merchandise and payment of wages by means of tokens | ₱40,000 to ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Formation, maintenance and prohibition of combination of capital or labor through violence or threats | ₱60,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Discovering secrets through seizure of correspondence | If secrets were revealed | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
If secrets were not revealed | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Revealing secrets with abuse of office | If secrets were revealed | ₱100,000 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
Revelation of industrial secrets | ₱100,000 | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons | If the crime of homicide shall have been committed; or when the robbery shall have been accompanied by rape or intentional mutilation or arson | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If serious physical injuries have been inflicted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If physical injuries have been inflicted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If light physical injuries have been inflicted | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Attempted and frustrated robbery | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Brigandage | If not acts cannot be punished by higher penalties | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If acts can be punished by higher penalties | The higher penalties will then be followed. | ||||||||||||||||||
Aiding and abetting a band of brigands | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Theft | If value is more than 2,200,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 1,200,000 pesos but less than 2,200,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 20,000 pesos but less than 600,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 5,000 pesos but less than 20,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 500 pesos but less than 5,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is less than 500 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is less than 500 pesos, and enter an enclosed estate or a field where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another and without the consent of its owner | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is less than 500 pesos, and if offender under the impulse of hunger, poverty, etc. | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Theft of the property of the National Library and National Museum | ₱40,000 to ₱100,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property | ₱15,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
Altering boundaries or landmarks | ₱20,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Fraudulent insolvency | If a merchant | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If not a merchant | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Swindling (estafa) | If value is more than 4,400,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 2,400,000 pesos but less than 4,400,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 1,200,000 pesos but less than 2,400,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is more than 40,000 pesos but less than 1,200,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If value is less than 40,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other forms of swindling | Not less than the value of damage caused | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Swindling a minor | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other deceits, including fortune-telling | ₱40,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Destructive arson | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other forms of arson | Varying circumstances | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Malicious mischief (property damage) | If damage exceeds 200,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If damage exceeds 40,000 pesos, but less than 200.000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If damage is less than 40,000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Other mischiefs | If damage exceeds 200,000 pesos | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If damage exceeds 40,000 pesos, but less than 200.000 pesos | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If damage is less than 40,000 pesos, or if it cannot be estimated | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Damage and obstruction to means of communication | If it caused an accident | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Destroying or damaging statues, public monuments or paintings | Destroy or damage statues or any other useful or ornamental public monument | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Destroy or damage any useful or ornamental painting of a public nature | ₱40,000 | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Suspension or disqualification | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | ||||||
Adultery | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Concubinage | If the husband | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If the concubine | The penalty shall be destierro | |||||||||||||||||||
Qualified seduction | All other cases | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If seduced his sister or descendant | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Simple seduction | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Corruption of minors | If a public officer | Temporary absolute disqualification | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
All other cases | ||||||||||||||||||||
White slave trade | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Forcible abduction | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Consented abduction | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Suspension or disqualification | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | ||||||
Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child | If physician or public officer | ₱200,000 | Temporary special disqualification | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
All other cases | ||||||||||||||||||||
Usurpation of civil status | If done with the intent to defraud the offended part | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Bigamy | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Marriage contracted against provisions of laws | If either of the contracting parties shall obtain the consent of the other by means of violence, intimidation or fraud | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
All other cases | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
Premature marriages | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Libel means by writings or similar means | ₱40,000 to ₱1,200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Threatening to publish libelous statements and offer to present such publication for a compensation | ₱40,000 to ₱400,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Prohibited publication of acts referred to in the course of official libel proceedings | ₱40,000 to ₱200,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Slander | If of insulting nature | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Not of insulting nature | ₱20,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Slander by deed | If of serious nature | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Not of serious nature | ₱20,000 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
Incriminating innocent person | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
Intriguing against honor | ₱20,000 | Yes |
Crime | Aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances | Fine is not more than (unless specified) | Arresto menor | Arresto mayor | Prisión correccional | Prisión mayor | Reclusión temporal | Reclusión perpetua | Death | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | Min | Med | Max | |||||
Imprudence and negligence | If intentional act caused a grave felony | Yes | |||||||||||||||||
If imprudent act caused a grave felony | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
If act caused damage to property | An amount equal to the value of said damages to 3 times such value | ||||||||||||||||||
If imprudent act caused some wrong, and if done maliciously, would have been a light felony [lower-alpha 1] | ₱40,000 |
This includes provisions on crimes committed prior to the code to be applied under the laws at that time, and a repealing clause.
The code has been amended and repealed multiple times:
Theft is the act of taking another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word theft is also used as a synonym or informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as larceny, robbery, embezzlement, extortion, blackmail, or receiving stolen property. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny, while in others, theft is defined more narrowly. Someone who carries out an act of theft may be described as a "thief".
Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted criminals are to remain in prison for the rest of their lives or indefinitely until pardoned, paroled, or commuted to a fixed term. Crimes that warrant life imprisonment are usually violent and/or dangerous. Examples of crimes that result in life sentences are murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage, arson, and hate crime, kidnapping, burglary, and robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide.
The rule of felony murder is a legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions that broadens the crime of murder: when someone is killed in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime, the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.
In the United States, habitual offender laws have been implemented since at least 1952, and are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy. These laws require a person who is convicted of an offense and who has one or two other previous serious convictions to serve a mandatory life sentence in prison, with or without parole depending on the jurisdiction. The purpose of the laws is to drastically increase the punishment of those who continue to commit offenses after being convicted of one or two serious crimes.
A suspended sentence is a sentence on conviction for a criminal offence, the serving of which the court orders to be deferred in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation. If the defendant does not break the law during that period and fulfills the particular conditions of the probation, the sentence is usually considered fulfilled. If the defendant commits another offence or breaks the terms of probation, the court can order the sentence to be served, in addition to any sentence for the new offence.
Disorderly conduct is a crime in most jurisdictions in the United States, the People's Republic of China, and Taiwan. Typically, "disorderly conduct" makes it a crime to be drunk in public, to "disturb the peace", or to loiter in certain areas. Many types of unruly conduct may fit the definition of disorderly conduct, as such statutes are often used as "catch-all" crimes. Police may use a disorderly conduct charge to keep the peace when people are behaving in a disruptive manner, but otherwise present no danger.
The legal age of consent for sexual activity varies by jurisdiction across Asia. The specific activity engaged in or the gender of participants can also be relevant factors. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. Other variables, such as homosexual relations or close in age exceptions, may exist, and are noted when relevant.
Loitering is the act of standing or waiting around idly without purpose in some public places.
Rape is a type of sexual assault initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, under threat or manipulation, by impersonation, or with a person who is incapable of giving valid consent.
The Penal Code 1871 sets out general principles of the criminal law of Singapore, as well as the elements and penalties of general criminal offences such as assault, criminal intimidation, mischief, grievous hurt, theft, extortion, sex crimes and cheating. The Penal Code does not define and list exhaustively all the criminal offences applicable in Singapore – a large number of these are created by other statutes such as the Arms Offences Act, Kidnapping Act, Misuse of Drugs Act and Vandalism Act.
The Sandiganbayan is a special appellate collegial court in the Philippines that has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and other offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned and controlled corporations. The special court was established by Presidential Decree No. 1486. It was subsequently modified by Presidential Decree No. 1606 and by Republic Acts 7975, 8249 and 10660. It is equal in rank to the Court of Appeals, and consists of fourteen Associate Justices and one Presiding Justice. The Office of the Ombudsman owns exclusive authority to bring cases to the Sandiganbayan.
Rape in the Philippines is considered a criminal offense. In Philippine jurisprudence, it is a heinous crime punishable by reclusión perpetua when committed against women. Rape of males is also legally recognized as rape by sexual assault, which is penalized by imprisonment of six to twelve years.
Philippine criminal laws is the body of law and defining the penalties thereof in the Philippines.
In the United States, each state and territory sets the age of consent either by statute or the common law applies, and there are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators. Depending on the jurisdiction, the legal age of consent is between 16 and 18. In some places, civil and criminal laws within the same state conflict with each other.
In the United States, the law for murder varies by jurisdiction. In many US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, which in other states is divided into voluntary manslaughter, and involuntary manslaughter such as reckless homicide and negligent homicide, which are the least serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this is a considerable simplification.
Crime is present in various forms in the Philippines, and remains a serious issue throughout the country. Illegal drug trade, human trafficking, arms trafficking, murder, corruption and domestic violence remain significant concerns.
The Texas Penal Code is the principal criminal code of the U.S. state of Texas. It was originally enacted in 1856 and underwent substantial revision in 1973, with the passage of the Revised Penal Code, in large part based on the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code.
Rape in Alabama is currently defined across three sections of its Criminal Code: Definitions, Rape in the First Degree, and Rape in the Second Degree. Each section addresses components of the crime such as age, sentencing, the genders of the individuals involved, and the acts involved.
Rape laws vary across the United States jurisdictions. However, rape is federally defined for statistical purposes as:
Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.
Sexual consent plays an important role in laws regarding rape, sexual assault and other forms of sexual violence. In a court of law, whether or not the alleged victim had freely given consent, and whether or not they were deemed to be capable of giving consent, can determine whether the alleged perpetrator is guilty of rape, sexual assault or some other form of sexual misconduct.