A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community,generally a state.
Accountability,in terms of ethics and governance,is equated with answerability,culpability,liability,and the expectation of account-giving.
Governance is the process of making and enforcing decisions within an organization or society. It encompasses decision-making,rule-setting,and enforcement mechanisms to guide the functioning of an organization or society. Effective governance is essential for maintaining order,achieving objectives,and addressing the needs of the community or members within the organization. Furthermore,effective governance promotes transparency,fosters trust among stakeholders,and adapts to changing circumstances,ensuring the organization or society remains responsive and resilient in achieving its goals. It is the process of interactions through the laws,social norms,power or language as structured in communication of an organized society over a social system. It is done by the government of a state,by a market,or by a network. It is the process of choosing the right course among the actors involved in a collective problem that leads to the creation,reinforcement,or reproduction of acceptable conduct and social order". In lay terms,it could be described as the processes that exist in and between formal institutions.
Arend d'Angremond Lijphart is a Dutch-American political scientist specializing in comparative politics,elections and voting systems,democratic institutions,and ethnicity and politics. He is Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of California,San Diego. He is influential for his work on consociational democracy and his contribution to the new Institutionalism in political science.
Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the comparative method or other empirical methods to explore politics both within and between countries. Substantively,this can include questions relating to political institutions,political behavior,conflict,and the causes and consequences of economic development. When applied to specific fields of study,comparative politics may be referred to by other names,such as comparative government.
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi is a Romanian political scientist,academic,journalist and writer. She currently holds the professorship of Comparative Public Policy at the Department of Political Science of LUISS Guido Carli in Rome. She also chairs the multi-site European Research Centre for Anticorruption and State-Building (ERCAS) and is Academic Coordinator of BridgeGap,an EU Horizon research project. Alina Mungiu-Pippidi also holds the honorary presidency of Romanian Academic Society. She also consults for various governments and international organizations and contributed work for the European Parliament as principal investigator on ‘clean trade’, the Swedish Government on effectiveness of good governance assistance programs,the EU Dutch Presidency on trust and public integrity in EU-28,for the European Commission DG Research on governance innovation,for the World Bank Development Report and the International Monetary Fund,among others.
Stein Rokkan was a Norwegian political scientist and sociologist. He was the first professor of sociology at the University of Bergen and a principal founder of the discipline of comparative politics. He founded the multidisciplinary Department of Sociology at the University of Bergen,which encompassed sociology,economics and political science and which had a key role in the postwar development of the social sciences in Norway.
Henning Meyer is a German social scientist,consultant and policy specialist. He is the first Fellow of the German Federal Ministry of Finance and honorary professor for Public Policy and Business at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. Furthermore,he is research associate at Cambridge University’s Centre for Business Research (CBR),Future World Fellow at the Centre for the Governance of Change at IE University and founder and editor-in-chief of Social Europe. Previously,he was John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellow at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard University,senior visiting fellow and research associate at the London School of Economics and Political Science and visiting fellow at Cornell University.
Jean Blondel was a French political scientist specialising in comparative politics. He was Emeritus Professor at the European University Institute in Florence,and visiting professor at the University of Siena.
Mitchell A. Seligson is the Centennial Professor of Political Science and Professor of Sociology at Vanderbilt University. He founded and is Senior Advisor to the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP),which conducts the AmericasBarometer surveys that currently cover 27 countries in the Americas. Seligson has published many books and papers on political science topics. He was elected to membership in the General Assembly of the Inter-American Institute of Human Rights in 2011.
Vivien A. Schmidt is an American academic of political science and international relations. At Boston University,she is the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration Professor of International Relations in the Pardee School of Global Studies,and Professor of Political Science. She is known for her work on political economy,policy analysis,democratic theory,and new institutionalism. She is a 2018 recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship and has been named a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor.
John S. Dryzek is a Centenary Professor at the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance at the University of Canberra's Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis.
Roderick Arthur William Rhodes,usually cited as R. A. W. Rhodes,is a British professor of political science.
Philippe C. Schmitter is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is Emeritus Professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute.
Political finance covers all funds that are raised and spent for political purposes. Such purposes include all political contests for voting by citizens,especially the election campaigns for various public offices that are run by parties and candidates. Moreover,all modern democracies operate a variety of permanent party organizations,e.g. the Democratic National Committee and the Republican National Committee in the United States or the Conservative Central Office and the Labour headquarters in the United Kingdom. The annual budgets of such organizations will have to be considered as costs of political competition as well. In Europe the allied term "party finance" is frequently used. It refers only to funds that are raised and spent in order to influence the outcome of some sort of party competition. Whether to include other political purposes,e.g. public relation campaigns by lobby groups,is still an unresolved issue. Even a limited range of political purposes indicates that the term "campaign funds" is too narrow to cover all funds that are deployed in the political process.
Colin John Crouch,is an English sociologist and political scientist. He coined the post-democracy concept in 2000 in his book Coping with Post-Democracy. Colin Crouch is currently Emeritus Professor at the University of Warwick and an External Scientific Member of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
Joni Lovenduski,is Professor Emerita of Politics at Birkbeck,University of London.
Michael Saward,is an Australian and British professor of politics and international studies at the University of Warwick,He was formerly Reader in Politics at Royal Holloway,University of London,and Professor and Head of Department in politics and international studies at the Open University.
Daniele Caramani is a comparative political scientist.
