Robert Lanza

Last updated

Robert P. Lanza
Robert Lanza in laboratory (cropped).JPG
Lanza in 2009
Born
Robert Lanza

(1956-02-11) 11 February 1956 (age 67)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater University of Pennsylvania
Known for Stem cell biology, cloning,
tissue engineering, biocentric universe
Scientific career
InstitutionsAstellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Robert Lanza (born 11 February 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American medical doctor and scientist, currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine, [1] [2] and Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine. He is an Adjunct Professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. [3]

Contents

Early life and education

Lanza was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up south of there, in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement", and came to the attention of Harvard Medical School researchers when he appeared at the university with his results. Jonas Salk, B. F. Skinner, and Christiaan Barnard mentored Lanza over the next ten years. [4] Lanza attended the University of Pennsylvania, receiving BA and MD degrees. There, he was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a University Scholar. Lanza was also a Fulbright Scholar. He currently resides in Clinton, Massachusetts.[ citation needed ]

Career

Lanza being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 2007 Robert Lanza and Barbara Walters.jpg
Lanza being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 2007

Stem cell research

Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world's first early stage human embryos, [5] [6] as well as the first to successfully generate stem cells from adults using somatic-cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning). [7] [8]

Lanza demonstrated that techniques used in preimplantation genetic diagnosis could be used to generate embryonic stem cells without embryonic destruction. [9]

In 2001, he was also the first to clone an endangered species (a Gaur), [10] and in 2003, he cloned an endangered wild ox (a Banteng) [11] from the frozen skin cells of an animal that had died at the San Diego Zoo nearly a quarter-of-a-century earlier.

Lanza and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate that nuclear transplantation could be used to extend the lifespan of certain cells [12] and to generate immune-compatible tissues, including the first organ grown in the laboratory from cloned cells. [13]

Lanza showed that it is feasible to generate functional oxygen-carrying red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells under conditions suitable for clinical scale-up. The blood cells could potentially serve as a source of "universal" blood. [14] [15]

His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells [16] ) from human embryonic stem cells. In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation. [17]

In 2012 Lanza and a team led by Kwang-Soo Kim at Harvard University reported a method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by incubating them with proteins, instead of genetically manipulating the cells to make more of those proteins. [18] [19] [20]

Clinical trials for blindness

Lanza's team at Advanced Cell Technology were able to generate retinal pigmented epithelium cells from stem cells, and subsequent studies found that these cells could restore vision in animal models of macular degeneration. [21] [22] With this technology, some forms of blindness could potentially be treatable. [23]

In 2010, ACT received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials of a pluripotent stem cell-based treatment for use in people with degenerative eye diseases. [24] [25] In 2011 ACT received approval from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency to use its PSC-based cell therapy in the UK; this was the first approval to study a PSC-based treatment in Europe. [26] [27] The first person received the embryonic stem cell treatment in the UK in 2012. [28]

The results of the first two clinical trials were published in the Lancet in 2012, [29] with a follow-up paper in 2014, [30] which provided the first published reports of the long-term safety and possible biologic activity of pluripotent stem cell progeny into humans. [31]

Science policy activism

In 2001, Lanza initiated a letter to US president G.W.Bush, urging him to not block the first flow of federal dollars for research on human embryo cells. The letter was signed by 80 Nobel laureates from various areas of science and send to the White House by FAX, three weeks before a deadline to apply for NIH stem cell research grants. [32] This was in view of the intention by the Health and Human Services Secretary to revise the decision of the Clinton administration to generously fund stem cell research.

Biocentrism

In 2007 Lanza's article "A New Theory of the Universe" appeared in The American Scholar. [33] The essay proposed Lanza's idea of a biocentric universe, which places biology above the other sciences. [34] [35] [36] Lanza's book Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe followed in 2009, co-written with Bob Berman. [37]

Lanza's biocentric hypothesis met with a mixed reception. [38] Nobel laureate in medicine E. Donnall Thomas stated that "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole." [1] Former Arizona State University physicist and antitheist activist Lawrence Krauss stated: "There are no scientific breakthroughs about anything, as far as I can see. It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science." [1] In USA Today Online , astrophysicist and science writer David Lindley asserted that Lanza's concept was a "...vague, inarticulate metaphor..." and stated that "...I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what?" [39] Daniel Dennett, a Tufts University philosopher and eliminative materialist, said he did not think the concept meets the standard of a philosophical theory. "It looks like an opposite of a theory, because he doesn't explain how [ consciousness ] happens at all. He's stopping where the fun begins." [1]

Lanza subsequently published several books that further developed his concept of biocentrism including a 2016 book, Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death, and a third, The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality, written with Bob Berman and theoretical physicist Matej Pavšič, and published in 2020. [37] [40] [41]

In January 2023, Lanza published a novel exploring biocentrism, Observer with science fiction author Nancy Kress. [42] Lanza said in an interview that he wanted "to bring [biocentrism] to life" in a story that would explain that "space, time, and the nature of life and death itself depends on the observer in us." [43]

Bibliography

Non-fiction
Novels

Awards and public commentary

Lanza has received numerous awards and other recognition, including:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human cloning</span> Creation of a genetically identical copy of a human

Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stem cell</span> Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from progenitor cells, which cannot divide indefinitely, and precursor or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</span> Method of creating a cloned embryo by replacing the egg nucleus with a body cell nucleus

In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. The technique consists of taking an denucleated oocyte and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning. In 1996, Dolly the sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal. In January 2018, a team of scientists in Shanghai announced the successful cloning of two female crab-eating macaques from foetal nuclei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embryonic stem cell</span> Type of pluripotent blastocystic stem cell

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeobox protein NANOG</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

Homeobox protein NANOG(hNanog) is a transcriptional factor that helps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency by suppressing cell determination factors. hNanog is encoded in humans by the NANOG gene. Several types of cancer are associated with NANOG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stem-cell line</span> Culture of stem cells that can be propagated indefinitely

A stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine.

The stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial. Many less controversial sources of acquiring stem cells include using cells from the umbilical cord, breast milk, and bone marrow, which are not pluripotent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudolf Jaenisch</span> German biologist

Rudolf Jaenisch is a Professor of Biology at MIT and a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. He is a pioneer of transgenic science, in which an animal’s genetic makeup is altered. Jaenisch has focused on creating genetically modified mice to study cancer, epigenetic reprogramming and neurological diseases.

Hemangioblasts are the multipotent precursor cells that can differentiate into both hematopoietic and endothelial cells. In the mouse embryo, the emergence of blood islands in the yolk sac at embryonic day 7 marks the onset of hematopoiesis. From these blood islands, the hematopoietic cells and vasculature are formed shortly after. Hemangioblasts are the progenitors that form the blood islands. To date, the hemangioblast has been identified in human, mouse and zebrafish embryos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Induced pluripotent stem cell</span> Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell

Induced pluripotent stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi in Kyoto, Japan, who together showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes, collectively known as Yamanaka factors, encoding transcription factors could convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. Shinya Yamanaka was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."

Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine is a subsidiary of Astellas Pharma located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, US, developing stem cell therapies with a focus on diseases that cause blindness. It was formed in 1994 as a company named Advanced Cell Technology, Incorporated (ACT), which was renamed to Ocata Therapeutics in November 2014. In February 2016 Ocata was acquired by Astellas for $379 million USD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shinya Yamanaka</span> Japanese stem cell researcher

Shinya Yamanaka is a Japanese stem cell researcher and a Nobel Prize laureate. He is a professor and the director emeritus of Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University; as a senior investigator at the UCSF-affiliated Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Yamanaka is also a past president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).

Embryomics is the identification, characterization and study of the diverse cell types which arise during embryogenesis, especially as this relates to the location and developmental history of cells in the embryo. Cell type may be determined according to several criteria: location in the developing embryo, gene expression as indicated by protein and nucleic acid markers and surface antigens, and also position on the embryogenic tree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXD3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box D3 also known as FOXD3 is a forkhead protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXD3 gene.

Stem cell laws are the law rules, and policy governance concerning the sources, research, and uses in treatment of stem cells in humans. These laws have been the source of much controversy and vary significantly by country. In the European Union, stem cell research using the human embryo is permitted in Sweden, Spain, Finland, Belgium, Greece, Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands; however, it is illegal in Germany, Austria, Ireland, Italy, and Portugal. The issue has similarly divided the United States, with several states enforcing a complete ban and others giving support. Elsewhere, Japan, India, Iran, Israel, South Korea, China, and Australia are supportive. However, New Zealand, most of Africa, and most of South America are restrictive.

Stem cell laws and policy in the United States have had a complicated legal and political history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cell potency</span> Ability of a cell to differentiate into other cell types

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency.

Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming. They are classified as either totipotent (iTC), pluripotent (iPSC) or progenitor or unipotent – (iUSC) according to their developmental potential and degree of dedifferentiation. Progenitors are obtained by so-called direct reprogramming or directed differentiation and are also called induced somatic stem cells.

Directed differentiation is a bioengineering methodology at the interface of stem cell biology, developmental biology and tissue engineering. It is essentially harnessing the potential of stem cells by constraining their differentiation in vitro toward a specific cell type or tissue of interest. Stem cells are by definition pluripotent, able to differentiate into several cell types such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, etc. Efficient directed differentiation requires a detailed understanding of the lineage and cell fate decision, often provided by developmental biology.

Nissim Benvenisty is Professor of Genetics, the Herbert Cohn Chair in Cancer Research and the Director of “The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research” at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Herper, Matthew. "A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics". Forbes. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  2. ↑ "Ocata's chief scientific officer to join new parent after acquisition". Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  3. ↑ "Wake Forest University School of Medicine Adjunct Faculty". Wake Forest University: School of Medicine. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  4. ↑ Fischer, Joannie (25 November 2001). "The First Clone". U.S. News & World Report . 131 (23): 50–4, 57–8, 60–3. PMID   11765373. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  5. ↑ Cibelli, Jose B.; Lanza, Robert P.; West, Michael D.; Ezzell, Carol (24 November 2001). "The First Human Cloned Embryo". Scientific American . 286 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0102-44. PMID   11799617 . Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  6. ↑ "Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation". Wired . 4 January 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  7. ↑ Chung, Young Gie; et al. (2014). "Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. Cell Press. 14 (6): 777–780. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 . PMID   24746675.
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  9. ↑ Klimanskaya, Irina; et al. (2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481–485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi:10.1038/nature05142. PMID   16929302. S2CID   84792371.
  10. ↑ "Cloning Noah's Ark: Scientific American". Scientific American. 19 November 2000. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  11. ↑ "Wild Cows Cloned". NPR. 8 April 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  12. ↑ Lanza, Robert P.; et al. (28 April 2000). "Extension of Cell Life-Span and Telomere Length in Animals Cloned from Senescent Somatic Cells" (PDF). Science . 288 (5466): 665–669. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..665L. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.665. PMID   10784448.
  13. ↑ Lanza, Robert P. (2002). "Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation". Nature Biotechnology. 20 (7): 689–696. doi:10.1038/nbt703. PMID   12089553. S2CID   23007326.
  14. ↑ Lu, SJ; Feng, Q; Park, JS; Vida, L; Lee, BS; Strausbauch, M; Wettstein, PJ; Honig, GR; Lanza, R (2008). "Blood - Biological properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryoni". Blood. Bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org. 112 (12): 4475–84. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157198. PMC   2597123 . PMID   18713948.
  15. ↑ Henderson, Mark (20 August 2008). "Transfusion breakthrough as human blood grown from stem cells". Times Online. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
  16. ↑ Vergano, Dan (8 May 2007). "Elusive 'ambulance' cells are created - USATODAY.com". USA Today . Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  17. ↑ Lu, S. J.; Feng, Q.; Caballero, S.; Chen, Y.; Moore, M. A.; Grant, M. B.; Lanza, R. (2007). "Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells". Nature Methods. 4 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1038/nmeth1041. PMC   3766360 . PMID   17486087.
  18. ↑ Park, Alice (28 May 2009). "Researchers Hail Stem Cells Safe for Human Use". Time . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  19. ↑ Rockoff, Jonathan (13 December 2012). "Stem-Cell Trial Without Embryo Destruction". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  20. ↑ Kim, Dohoon (2009). "Cell Stem Cell - Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins". Cell Stem Cell. 4 (6): 472–476. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.005. PMC   2705327 . PMID   19481515.
  21. ↑ Lund, R. D.; Wang, S.; Klimanskaya, I.; Holmes, T.; Ramos-Kelsey, R.; Lu, B.; Girman, S.; Bischoff, N.; Sauvé, Y.; Lanza, R. (29 September 2006). "Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS Rats – Cloning Stem Cells". Cloning and Stem Cells. Mary Ann Liebert. 8 (3): 189–99. doi:10.1089/clo.2006.8.189. PMID   17009895. S2CID   12566730.
  22. ↑ "Stem Cells May Open Some Eyes". Wired . 24 September 2004. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  23. ↑ "Two Patients Undergo Stem-Cell Blindness Treatment". Technology Review. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  24. ↑ "FDA Approves Second Trial of Stem-Cell Therapy". Time . 22 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  25. ↑ "Second human embryonic stem cell clinical trial to start". USA Today . 22 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  26. ↑ Sample, Ian (22 September 2011). "First trial of embryonic stem cell treatment in Europe gets green light". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  27. ↑ "First European Embryonic Stem Cell Trial Gets Green Light". Time . 22 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  28. ↑ Boseley, Sarah (4 June 2012). "Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  29. ↑ Schwartz, SD; et al. (25 February 2012). "Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report". Lancet. 379 (9817): 713–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60028-2. PMID   22281388. S2CID   2230787. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  30. ↑ Schwartz, SD; et al. (15 October 2014). "Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy". Lancet. 385 (9967): 509–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61376-3. PMID   25458728. S2CID   85799.
  31. ↑ "Stem Cells Allow Nearly Blind Patients to See". Time . 14 October 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "Nobel Laureates Back Stem Cell Research". The Washington Post . 22 February 2001. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  33. ↑ Lanza, Robert (1 March 2007). "A New Theory of the Universe: Biocentrism builds on quantum physics by putting life into the equation". The American Scholar . Spring 2007 issue
  34. ↑ Aaron Rowe (4 January 2009). "Will Biology Solve the Universe?". Wired . Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  35. ↑ "Cosmic Log: Theory of Every-Living-Thing". Cosmic Log. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009– via MSNBC.
  36. ↑ "Robert Lanza - Tag Story Index". USA Today. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  37. 1 2 Lanza, Robert; Berman, Bob (14 April 2009). Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe. BenBella Books. ISBN   978-1-933771-69-4.
  38. ↑ "The universe in your head". NBC News. Cosmic Log. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  39. ↑ "Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay". USA Today. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
  40. ↑ Lanza, Robert; Berman, Bob (3 May 2016). Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death. BenBella Books. ISBN   978-1942952213.
  41. ↑ Lanza, Robert; Pavšič, Matej (17 November 2020). The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality. BenBella Books. ISBN   978-1950665402.
  42. ↑ Boyle, Alan (9 January 2023). "Sci-fi author and scientist team up to write a novel about consciousness and quantum weirdness". GeekWire . Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  43. ↑ Picker, Lenny (28 November 2022). "[Q&A]: PW Talks with Robert Lanza and Nancy Kress: I See, Therefore You Are". Publishers Weekly . Vol. 269, no. 50. p. 31. – via  EBSCO 's Business Source Complete (subscription required)
  44. ↑ "Dr. Robert Lanza Receives 2006 'All Star' Award For Biotechnology". BioSpace. 24 October 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  45. ↑ Songini, Marc (14 August 2009). "Thought Leaders: Robert Lanza on stem cells and access to health care". Mass High Tech. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  46. ↑ "Advanced Cell Technology's Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Robert Lanza Honored By BioWorld Magazine As Leader Who Could Shape Biotech Over Next 20 Years Dr. Lanza Recognized as a "Stem Cell Pioneer"". CNBC. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  47. ↑ "Stem cell leaders Lanza, Kim win $1.9M NIH award". Mass High Tech. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  48. ↑ "Advanced Cell Technology's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine". BioSpace. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  49. ↑ "ACT's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine". Trove . 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  50. ↑ Park, Alice (23 April 2014). "Time: The 100 Most Influential People - Robert Lanza". Time . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  51. ↑ "World Thinkers 2015: Robert Lanza". Prospect . 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
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