Roman Catholic Diocese of Castello

Last updated
Diocese of Castello

Dioecesis Castelli
San Pietro di Castello Facciata.jpg
San Pietro di Castello
Location
Country Italy
Ecclesiastical province Venezia
Coordinates 45°26′04″N12°21′35″E / 45.434547°N 12.359853°E / 45.434547; 12.359853
Information
Denomination Catholic Church
Rite Roman Rite
Established1074
Dissolved1451
Cathedral San Pietro di Castell

The Diocese of Castello, originally the Diocese of Olivolo, is a former Roman Catholic diocese that was based on the city of Venice in Italy. It was established in 774, covering the islands that are now occupied by Venice. Throughout its existence there was tension between the diocese, the Patriarchate of Grado to which it was nominally subordinate, and the Doge of Venice. Eventually in 1451 the diocese and the patriarchate were merged to form the Archdiocese of Venice.

Contents

History

Foundation

The diocese has its origins in the Patriarchate of Aquileia, founded during the Roman Empire. Hilarius of Panonia is recorded as bishop of Aquileia from about 276–285. As the empire fell into decline, Aquileia was sacked in turn by Visigoths (403), Huns (452) and Lombards (659). During these times of trouble some of the people would take refuge on the offshore islands. By 630 an independent Patriarch of Grado was established on the island of Grado. [1]

The islands of Venice had originally been subject to the Diocese of Padua. In 774 Pope Adrian I and John IV, Patriarch of Grado, authorized the establishment of an episcopal see on the island of Olivolo; the island is now called San Pietro di Castello. [1] The bishopric was established in 774–775 by the Duke of Malamocco, who gave it his protection. Its cathedral was dedicated to Saint Peter. [2] The Bishop of Olivolo was subordinate to Grado and had jurisdiction over the islands of Gemini, Rialto, Luprio and Dorsoduro, the main islands of the city of Venice. [1] The bishopric, taken from the Diocese of Malamocco (Methamancus), formed a small new state, the nucleus of the state of Venice. [3]

Olivolo

The first bishop was Obelerius. He was invested and enthroned by the doge, and consecrated by the Patriarch of Grado. In 798 the doge nominated Cristoforo as his successor. Giovanni, patriarch of Grado, refused to consecrate Cristoforo due to his youth. Giovanni was killed for his disobedience and his successor consecrated Cristoforo. [3] From his name, which is Greek, Cristoforo may have been Byzantine. [2]

At that time Italy was the seen of a struggle between the Lombards and Byzantines, and many in Venice were loyal to Byzantium. [2] The Franks rose to power in the last half of the 8th century, and in 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor. [4] In 802 a faction that was friendly to the Franks came to power in Malamocco, and sent the Doges Giovanni and Maurizio II into exile, along with the bishop of Olivolo. [5] In 810 a Byzantine fleet helped restore the party that favored Byzantium, and Angelo I Participazzo was made doge. An attempt by the Franks to conquer the Venetian Lagoon failed, and after long negotiations it was agreed that Venice fell in the Byzantine sphere, while Venetian merchants could trade throughout the western empire. The Doge made his seat on the island of Rialto, and with the surrounding islands including Olivolo the new state started to take the name of Venetiae. [3]

In the ninth century the relics of saints Sergios and Bacchus were placed in the cathedral at Olivolo by the pro-Greek faction. [6] The church of San Pietro di Castello was built by Orso Participazio, the fourth bishop of Olivolo. It was burned down several times. [7] [lower-alpha 1]

In 828, the second year of the Doge Giustiniano Participazio, the Caliph had ordered that the Christian churches of Alexandria, Egypt, be pulled down so their marble columns could be used for his palace. [9] The body of Saint Mark the Evangelist was smuggled out from the church of Saint Mark to Venice. To discourage the "Saracens" from examining the coffin, it was filled with pork. [10] When the ship reached Olivolo island in Venice, the saint made signs that showed he did not want to be placed in the custody of the bishop. Instead, he was taken to the Doge's chapel, and planning began to create a magnificent new temple suitable for such important relics. [11] The motives for the robbery of the saint's body were in part to establish the importance of the city of Venice, as opposed to the sees of Grado and Olivolo, relative to the patriarchate of Aquileia. [6]

In 853 Orso, bishop of Olivolo, left his property to his sister Romana, She was to guard it from future bishops who might not be worthy. [12] He decreed that if his successor mismanaged the property of the diocese, after his death she should have the power to ordain the basilica of St. Laurence to whomever she chose. [13] The new state fought off challenges from Croats, Saracens and Hungarians, and under Pietro II Candiano (932–939) began to expand on the mainland. [3] Under Pietro IV Candiano (959–976) the Great Council of Venice appeared, a body that included the bishops of the Venetian territories and that approved all laws. The Latin cities of the Istrian and Dalmatian coast, threatened by Slavs, placed themselves under the authority of Venice, and the Byzantine emperor consented to the Doge assuming the title of Duke of Dalmatia. [3]

In 1001 the bishop Peter Martuseo, of the Quinta Bella family, built the church of San Agostino. [14] In 1046 Bishop Domenico Gradenigo and Patriarch Orso Orscolo participated in the council of bishops in Saint Mark's called by the Doge Domenico Flabanico. The council made important decisions about organization and worship, including a decision that a priest could not be consecrated before the age of thirty, except in extraordinary circumstances. [15]

Castello

In 1074, the Bishop of Olivolo began to be styled the Bishop of Castello. Enrico Contarini was the first to hold this title. [1] He was the son of the Doge Domenico Contarini. [16] In 1084 the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his Golden Bull recognized the full independence of Venice, along with freedom from tributes, trade restrictions and customs duties. [3]

The Doge Vitale Michiel (1096–1112) held back from participating in the First Crusade until he saw the amount of loot that the Genoese and Pisans were bringing back from Palestine. [3] In 1099 Enrico Contarini was the spiritual leader of the fleet of about 200 ships that Michiel sent to assist in the crusade in the Levant. The fleet sailed to Rhodes, where it wintered. The emperor of Byzantium asked the Venetians not to proceed, but the bishop overcame any who were inclined to listen to this request. [17] In the spring of 1100 the fleet went on to Myra in Asia Minor, where they obtained the remains of Saint Nicholas, his uncle Nicholas and Saint Theodore the Martyr. They went on to the Holy Land, then returned to Venice, which they reached on 6 December 1100. With this acquisition, the Bishop obtained a patron saint to rival the Doge's Saint Mark. [16]

Bishop Giovanni Polani (1133–1164) was a kinsman of the Doge of Venice, Pietro Polani (r. 1130–1148). [18] Polani became engaged in a dispute with Enrico Dandolo, the Patriarch of Grado. [lower-alpha 2] [19] Eventually these clashes, which also involved the Doge, would culminate in the exile of the patriarch. [19] In 1139, encouraged by Dandolo, the clergy of the ancient church of San Salvatore in central Venice decided to become canons regular under the rule of St. Augustine. Polani was furious at what he saw as an attempt to take this important parish away from his control, and placed it under interdict. In response, Dandolo placed it under his metropolitan protection. [20] On 13 May 1141 Pope Innocent II lifted the interdict, placed San Salvatore under his personal protection and sent to canons to instruct the congregation in the rule. [21]

The Republic of Venice began its golden age under the Doge Enrico Dandolo (1192–1205). [3] Under him the French crusading army of the Fourth Crusade was used to bring Trieste and Zara under Venetian sway, and then to obtain a large part of the Latin Empire of Constantinople along the east coast of the Adriatic, most of the Peloponnese and settlements in the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea and the Aegean. [3]

The relationship between the bishop, the patriarch and the doge was complex. The bishops of Olivolo, and then Castello, were technically suffragans of the Patriarch of Grado. From the middle of the 11th century the patriarchs took up residence for most of the time at San Silvestro, Venice, while the bishop was based at San Pietro on the east of the city. An important role was played by the primicerio, based in Saint Mark's, who represented the Doge and the city government. The primicerio invested the bishops, abbots and patriarchs. [22] From the twelfth century the patriarch had a throne in Saint Mark's, which changed its role from the Doge's chapel to the state church. [23] In 1225 the Bishop Marco II Michel gained the exemption of the clergy from lay jurisdiction except when real property was involved. [3] In 1230 Michiel challenged the rights of the Doges over Saint Mark's. [24]

In an effort to standardize the rites and ceremonies, in the mid-13th century the Bishop Pietro Pino (1235–1255) made an Ordinary for the year's divine offices and holy ceremonies, with the concurrence of all the parish priests and the canons of San Pietro di Castello. This became the rule of the diocese from that date. [25] Bishop Jacopo Albertini (1311–1329) supported Louis of Bavaria, whom he crowned as King of Italy in 1327, and was therefore deposed. Under Bishop Nicolo' Morosini (1336–1367) the dispute between the clergy and Government concerning the mortuary tithes was settled. This dispute flared up again under Bishop Paolo Foscari (1367–1375) and was ended only in 1376. During the Western Schism (1378 to 1418) Venice always adhered to the Roman claimant. [3] Around 1418 Bishop Marco Lando (1417–1426) prescribed adoption of elements of the Roman Rite in conformity with Rome. [25]

On 8 October 1451 the diocese was suppressed and its territory transferred to the newly created Patriarchal See of Venezia, or Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice. [26]

In 1969 the diocese was restored as the Titular Episcopal See of Castello. [27]

Office holders

Bishops of Olivolo

Bishops of Olivolo were: [27]

  • Obelerius (775–...)
  • Christopher I Damiata (797–810) - deposed
    John (804) - usurper
  • Christopher II (810–813)
  • Christopher I Damiata (813–...) - reinstated
  • Orso I Parteciacus (825–...)
  • Maurice (...–...)
  • Domenicus I (...–...)
  • John (unknown – 876) - excommunicated by Pope John VIII
  • Lorenzo I (880–909)
  • Domenico II (909–...)
  • Domenico III (...–...)
  • Peter I Tribunus (929–938)
  • Orso II (938–945)
  • Domenico IV Talonicus (945–955)
  • Peter II Marturio (955–963)
  • George (963–966)
  • Marino Cassianico (966–992)
  • Domenico V Gradenigo (992–1026)
  • Domenico VI Gradenigo (1026–1044)
  • Domenico VII Contarini (1044–1074)

Bishops of Castello

Bishops of Castello were: [27]

  • Henry Contarini (1074–1108)
  • Vitale I Michiel (1108–1120)
  • Bonifacio Falier (1120–1133)
  • John I Polani (1133–1164)
  • Vitale II Michiel (1164–1182)
  • Philip Casolo (1182–1184)
  • Mark I Nicolai (1184–1225)
  • Mark II Michiel (1225–1235)
  • Peter III Pino (1235–1255)
  • Walter Agnusdei (1255–1258)
  • Thomas I Arimondo (1258–1260)
  • Thomas II Franco (1260–1274)
  • Bartolomew I Querini (1274–1292)
  • Simeon Moro (1292–1293)
  • Bartholomew II Querini (1293–1303)
  • Ramberto Polo (1303–1311)
  • Galasso Albertini (1311)
  • Giacomo Albertini (1311–1329)
  • Angelo I Dolfin (1329–1336)
  • Nicholas Morosini (1336–1367)
  • Paul Foscari (1367–1375)
  • John II (1375–1378) - deposed
  • Nicholas II Morosini (1379)
  • Angelo II Correr (1379–1390) - became Pope Gregory XII
  • John III Loredan (1390)
  • Francis I Falier (1390–1392)
  • Leonard Dolfin (1392–1401)
  • Francis II Bembo (1401–1417)
  • Mark III Lando (1417–1426)
  • Peter IV Donato (1426–1428)
  • Francis III Malipiero (1428–1433)
  • Lorenzo II Giustiniani (1433–1451) - became Patriarch of Venice

Titular Bishops

Titular bishops and archbishops were: [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriarch of Venice</span> Italian Catholic bishop

The Patriarch of Venice is the ordinary bishop of the Archdiocese of Venice. The bishop is one of only four patriarchs in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. The other three are the Patriarch of Lisbon, the Patriarch of the East Indies and the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Presently, the only advantage of this purely formal title is the bishop's place of honor in papal processions. In the case of Venice, an additional privilege allows the patriarch, even if he is not a cardinal, the use of the colour red in non-liturgical vestments. In that case, the red biretta is topped by a tuft, as is the custom with other bishops who are not cardinals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pietro II Candiano</span> Doge of Venice between 932 and 939

Pietro II Candiano was the nineteenth Doge of Venice between 932 and 939. He followed Orso II Participazio (912–932) to become Doge in 932.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Contarini</span> One of the founding families of Venice

The Contarini is one of the founding families of Venice and one of the oldest families of the Italian Nobility. In total eight Doges to the Republic of Venice emerged from this family, as well as 44 Procurators of San Marco, numerous ambassadors, diplomats and other notables. Among the ruling families of the republic, they held the most seats in the Great Council of Venice from the period before the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio when Councillors were elected annually to the end of the republic in 1797. The Contarini claimed to be of Roman origin through their patrilineal descendance of the Aurelii Cottae, a branch of the Roman family Aurelia, and traditionally trace their lineage back to Gaius Aurelius Cotta, consul of the Roman Republic in 252 BC and 248 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriarch of Grado</span> Catholic patriarchate in north-eastern Italy until 15th century

This is a list of the Patriarchs of Grado.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orseolo</span>

The House of Orseolo was a powerful Venetian noble family descended from Orso Ipato and his son Teodato Ipato, the first Doges of Venice. Four members of the Orseolo family became Doges, Commander of the Venetian fleet, and King of Hungary. They reconstructed St Mark's Basilica and the Doge's Palace after the revolution.

Poppo of Treffen was the fifty-seventh patriarch of Aquileia from 1019 to 1045.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcello Tegalliano</span> Doge of the Republic of Venice from 717 to 726

Marcello Tegalliano was, according to tradition, the second Doge of Venice (717–726). He is described as having hailed from Eraclea, and during his nine-year reign was apparently in great disagreement with the nearby Longobards. He died in 726 and was succeeded by Orso Ipato.

Orso I Participazio, also known as Orso I Badoer, was Doge of Venice from 864 until 881. He was, according to tradition, the fourteenth doge, though historically he is only the twelfth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domenico I Contarini</span> 30th Doge of Venice

Domenico Contarini was the 30th Doge of Venice. His reign lasted from his election in 1043 following the death of Domenico Flabanico until his own death in 1071. During his reign, the Venetians recaptured Zadar and parts of Dalmatia that had been lost to the Kingdom of Croatia in the previous few decades. The Venetian naval fleet was heavily built up during his reign, the economy thrived, and the Republic of Venice had reasserted its control over much of the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto Orseolo</span> Doge of Venice from 1008 to 1026

Otto Orseolo was the Doge of Venice from 1008 to 1026. He was the third son of Doge Pietro II of the House of Orseolo, and Maria Candiano, whom he succeeded at the age of sixteen, becoming the youngest doge in Venetian history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domenico Morosini</span> Doge of Venice from 1148 to 1156

Domenico Morosini was the thirty-seventh doge of the Republic of Venice, reigning from 1148 until his death in 1156.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pietro Polani</span>

Pietro Polani was the 36th Doge of Venice. He reigned from 1130 to 1148.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Catholic Diocese of Crete</span> Roman Catholic diocese in Greece

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Crete is a diocese located on the island of Crete in the Ecclesiastical province of Naxos, Andros, Tinos and Mykonos in Greece.

This article presents a detailed timeline of the history of the Republic of Venice from its legendary foundation to its collapse under the efforts of Napoleon.

Giovanni Polani was Bishop of Castello, Italy, from 1133 to 1164. He was engaged in a long-running dispute over jurisdiction with Enrico Dandolo, the Patriarch of Grado.

Enrico Contarini was a Venetian priest who was Bishop of Castello from 1074 to 1108.

Enrico Dandolo was Patriarch of Grado, Italy, from 1134 to 1182. A member of a noble Venetian Dandolo family, after his appointment he put the interests of the church ahead of all other concerns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulrich II of Aquileia</span>

Ulrich II von Treven was Patriarch of Aquileia in northern Italy from 1161 to 1181. He supported Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, (1122–1190) in his unsuccessful struggle for supremacy over the northern Italian states and the papacy. He was also involved in a dispute over jurisdiction with the Patriarch of Grado where he was ultimately successful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dandolo</span> Patrician family of the Republic of Venice

The House of Dandolo was a patrician family of the Republic of Venice, which produced four Doges of Venice. The progenitor of the family was a merchant named Domenico. The family became more successful by the beginning of the 12th century.

This is an alphabetical index of people, places, things, and concepts related to or originating from the Republic of Venice. Feel free to add more, and create missing pages.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ In 1621 the church of San Pietro di Castello was rebuilt from the ground at the expense of the patriarch Giovanni Tiepolo. [8]
  2. ↑ Enrico Dandolo, appointed Patriarch of Grado around 1134, was the uncle of the famous Doge of Venice, also called Enrico Dandolo. [18]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ross 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Nicol 1992, p. 11.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Venice: Catholic Encyclopedia.
  4. ↑ Nicol 1992, p. 13.
  5. ↑ Nicol 1992, p. 14.
  6. 1 2 Nicol 1992, p. 25.
  7. ↑ Oppenheim 1798, p. 221.
  8. ↑ Oppenheim 1798, p. 222.
  9. ↑ Sethre 2003, p. 23.
  10. ↑ Sethre 2003, p. 24.
  11. ↑ Sethre 2003, p. 25.
  12. ↑ Macy 2007, p. 68.
  13. ↑ Macy 2007, p. 34.
  14. ↑ Oppenheim 1798, p. 279.
  15. ↑ Boito 1888, p. 69.
  16. 1 2 Nicol 1992, p. 72.
  17. ↑ Nicol 1992, p. 71.
  18. 1 2 Madden 2008, p. 24.
  19. 1 2 Carraro 2012, p. 47.
  20. ↑ Madden 2008, p. 26.
  21. ↑ Madden 2008, p. 27.
  22. ↑ Romano 2013, p. 224.
  23. ↑ Romano 2013, p. 225.
  24. ↑ Boito 1888, p. 151.
  25. 1 2 Boito 1888, p. 175.
  26. ↑ "Translatio patriarchalis Ecclesiae Graden. ad civitatem Venetiarum, cum suppressione tituli eiusdem Ecclesiae Gradensis", in: Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio, vol. 5 (Turin: Franco et Dalmazzo, 1860), pp. 107–109.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Titular Episcopal See of Castello: GCatholic.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.