Rumah Panggung is one type of traditional Betawi house whose floor is raised from the ground using wooden poles. This house is different from a Rumah Darat that sticks to the ground. Betawi houses on stilts are built in coastal areas with the aim of dealing with floods or tides. Meanwhile, stilt houses located on the banks of rivers such as in Bekasi are not only built to avoid flooding, but also for safety from wild animals.
Betawi houses generally do not have a distinctive building form. In addition, Betawi houses also do not have standard rules in determining directions. Even so, Betawi stilt houses are still characterized in terms of details and terminology. One of them is the staircase in front of a Betawi stilt house called balaksuji. Balaksuji is believed to ward off bad luck; before entering the house through balaksuji, one must wash his feet first as a symbol of self-purification.
Materials for building Betawi stilt houses are taken from the surrounding area, such as sawo wood, jackfruit wood, bamboo, lute wood, cempaka wood, juk, and thatch. Other woods can also be used, such as teak wood to make poles. In building a house, Betawi people believe that there are various taboos and rules that need to be followed to avoid disaster. For example, the house should be built to the left of the parents' or in-laws' house. There is also a prohibition on making the roof of the house from materials that contain earth elements. The Betawi stilt house itself has been influenced by various cultures, from Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, to Chinese and Arabic, and Netherlands.
Background
City map of Batavia (now Jakarta) in 1914
The Betawi tribe was born from acculturation between ethnicities of the archipelago and abroad, such as ethnicities from Java, Bali, Makassar, Bugis, Ambon, Sumbawa, Malacca, Chinese, Arabs, Indian, and Portuguese.[1][2] They brought their respective cultures that later influenced Betawi culture, ranging from language, regional clothing, arts, to the architecture of ethnic Betawi houses.[3] Batavia, where the Betawi tribe settled, was a coastal area with an international port.[4] At the mouth of one of its rivers, the Ciliwung, there is the Port of Sunda Kelapa which is one of the largest ports in the archipelago.[5]
Of the many ethnicities that entered Batavia, the most dominant influences on Betawi homes were Javanese, Sundanese, Arab and Chinese.[6] Among the archipelago's ethnicities that entered Batavia, Sundanese and Javanese cultures had the most influence on the ethnic architecture of Betawi houses. The location of the Betawi ethnic area, which is geographically close to the Sundanese and Javanese cultural areas, is the main cause. The Betawi ethnic area was also part of the dominion of the kingdom of Banten, Demak, and Cirebon. These factors led to intensive interaction between the indigenous people living in the Batavia area and the two ethnic archipelagos.[7] Despite its origins in the acculturation of diverse cultures, Betawi house architecture should still qualify as ethnic architecture. Betawi house architecture is said to be so because the creation of structure and construction, the organization of space layout, the use of decorative elements, and the way of making buildings that are influenced by various cultures have been passed down from generation to generation in Betawi society and only exist in Betawi culture itself.[8]
The distinctive Betawi ethnic houses that originated from cultural acculturation only emerged when the Dutch colonial government came to power and built the city of Batavia on the model of cities in their homeland. At that time, the Dutch imposed strict rules on settlements. Indigenous people were only allowed to build their houses in inland or coastal areas. As a result of this rule, Dutch houses were located far away from the local population. As a result, the style and distinctiveness of house building territorially became increasingly different. People who live in coastal areas have stilt houses to overcome the onslaught of the waves, while people in the interior build settlements by relying on the function of the yard as plantation land or to take advantage of the shade of the trees as shade.[9]
Subethnic
The Betawi tribe lived in the coastal area since the beginning of the city of Batavia. They lived and settled at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. Through the Ciliwung river, they spread to the center to the outskirts of Batavia.[10] The spread then split the Betawi tribe into four sub-ethnics, consisting of Coastal Betawi, Central, Peripheral, and Udik Betawi.[11] Coastal Betawi people live in areas near the coast, such as Marunda, Sunda Kelapa, Dadap, Thousand Islands, and others. Their dwellings are generally on stilts.[12] This was different for the Central Betawi community who lived in the center of Batavia. Their houses generally do not have a stage, also known as Depok houses.[13][14] Usually they live in the areas of Senen, Tanah Abang, Salemba, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Jatinegara, Condet, Kwitang, and others.[15] The last is the Pinggir and Udik Betawi community. They live outside the city of Batavia, such as Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, and parts of Bogor. Generally, their dwellings are stilted, but not as high as those of the coastal Betawi people.[16]
Through the division of Betawi sub-ethnic cultural regions, variations in Betawi ethnic house architecture can be identified. However, the division is not the crucial factor that makes certain sub-ethnic dwellings use stilt or non-stilt concepts. The main factor is the local natural conditions. This is reasonable because there are Central/City Betawi dwellings that use the concept of stilts if they stand on the river. The same goes for the Betawi Pinggir and Udik houses. There are those from their community whose buildings are not on stilts if they stand far from the river.[17]
Footnotes
↑ Leo et al. 2019, p.10: "The Betawi tribe originated from the results of inter-ethnic and national marriages in the past ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.9: "As a coastal area that has an international port, the people who inhabited the Batavia area in the past had a lot of interaction with traders from various regions, such as Java, Makassar, Bugis, Malacca, Chinese, Arab, Indian, and Portuguese. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.16: "The diversity of ethnicities, both from the archipelago and abroad, makes Betawi houses leave a distinctive mark and are full of different cultural influences ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.9: "As a coastal area that has an international port, the people who inhabited the Batavia area in the past had many interactions with traders from various regions, such as Java, Makassar, Bugis, Malacca, Chinese, Arab, Indian and Portugal. ...".
↑ Karim 2009, p.xix: "In the days of the 10th to 16th century Sundanese Kingdom, at the mouth of the Ciliwung, located in the present-day Jakarta Kota area, the port of Kalapa was established. The forerunner of the sunda kelapa port was the largest port in the archipelago at that time. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.16: "Of the many influences from within and outside Indonesia on the architectural styles of Betawi houses, the most dominant are Javanese, Sundanese, Arabic and Chinese. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.17-18: "The influence of Javanese and Sundanese local culture is more dominant than other regions of the archipelago. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.16: "Building architecture is said to be ethnic when the creation of structures and constructions, the organization of spatial layout, the use of decoration, and the way the building is made are passed down from generation to generation in a particular culture or locality ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.17: "The construction of a typical Betawi ethnic house was actually only seen when the Dutch colonial government built the city of Batavia by imitating models of cities in the Netherlands. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.10: "Since the early days of Jakarta, this area is where the Betawi tribe originated. Precisely in the area of the Ciliwung river estuary ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.11: "Based on the similarity of its cultural elements, such as language, arts, customs and house architecture, the Betawi cultural region includes coastal Betawi, central/city Betawi, and suburban and hick Betawi. ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.11: "Covering Sunda Kalapa area, Tanjung Priok, Kampung Bandan, Ancol ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.13: "In the central areas, such as the Kwitang and Senen areas, there are many houses without underpasses that are still on the ground or cement plaster with the use of rollag foundations ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.13: "Betawi center/city includes several areas such as Condet, Senen, Kwitang ...".
↑ Swadarma & Aryanto 2014, p.16: "Unlike the middle Betawi house, which is far from the river, it is most likely that the house does not have a hole. However, for settlements located close to the river, it is certain that the middle Betawi house has a hole ...".
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