S100B

S100B
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1MQ1, 1UWO, 2H61, 2M49, 2PRU, 3CZT, 3D0Y, 3D10, 3HCM, 4XYN, 5CSJ, 5CSF, 5CSN, 5CSI
Identifiers
Aliases	S100B , NEF, S100, S100-B, S100beta, S100 calcium binding protein B
External IDs	OMIM: 176990 MGI: 98217 HomoloGene: 4567 GeneCards: S100B
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 21 (human) [1] Band 21q22.3 Start 46,598,604 bp [1] End 46,605,208 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse) [2] Band 10 C1|10 38.76 cM Start 76,089,687 bp [2] End 76,096,993 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in inferior ganglion of vagus nerve olfactory bulb subthalamic nucleus trigeminal ganglion internal globus pallidus medulla oblongata superior vestibular nucleus substantia nigra pons optic nerve Top expressed in anterior horn of spinal cord cerebellar vermis stria vascularis pontine nuclei facial motor nucleus optic nerve utricle dorsal tegmental nucleus medial vestibular nucleus ventral tegmental area More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding S100 protein binding protein homodimerization activity zinc ion binding metal ion binding calcium-dependent protein binding protein binding identical protein binding tau protein binding signaling receptor binding RAGE receptor binding Cellular component cytoplasm ruffle extracellular region neuronal cell body perinuclear region of cytoplasm nucleus extracellular space Biological process axonogenesis response to glucocorticoid memory negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation central nervous system development astrocyte differentiation positive regulation of synaptic transmission positive regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of cell shape positive regulation of apoptotic process learning or memory positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity response to methylmercury cell population proliferation innate immune response cellular response to hypoxia long-term potentiation positive regulation of myelination Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6285 20203 Ensembl ENSG00000160307 ENSMUSG00000033208 UniProt P04271 P50114 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_006272 NM_009115 RefSeq (protein) NP_006263 NP_033141 Location (UCSC) Chr 21: 46.6 – 46.61 Mb Chr 10: 76.09 – 76.1 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a protein of the S-100 protein family.

S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21; however, this gene is located at 21q22.3.

Function

S100B is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes, but not all astrocytes express S100B. It has been shown that S100B is only expressed by a subtype of mature astrocytes that ensheath blood vessels and by NG2-expressing cells. ^[5]

This protein may function in neurite extension, proliferation of melanoma cells, stimulation of Ca²⁺ fluxes, inhibition of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. In the developing CNS it acts as a neurotrophic factor and neuronal survival protein. In the adult organism it is usually elevated due to nervous system damage, which makes it a potential clinical marker.

Clinical significance

Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in several neurological, neoplastic, and other types of diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schwannoma, melanoma, and type I diabetes mellitus. ^[6]

It has been suggested that the regulation of S100B by melittin has potential for the treatment of epilepsy. ^[7]

Diagnostic use

S100B is secreted by astrocytes or can spill from injured cells and enter the extracellular space or bloodstream. Serum levels of S100B increase in patients during the acute phase of brain damage. Over the last decade, S100B has emerged as a candidate peripheral biomarker of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS injury. Elevated S100B levels accurately reflect the presence of neuropathological conditions including traumatic head injury or neurodegenerative diseases. Normal S100B levels reliably exclude major CNS pathology. Its potential clinical use in the therapeutic decision making process is substantiated by a vast body of literature (citation?) validating variations in serum 100B levels with standard modalities for prognosticating the extent of CNS damage: alterations in neuroimaging, cerebrospinal pressure, and other brain molecular markers (neuron specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein). However, more importantly, S100B levels have been reported to rise prior to any detectable changes in intracerebral pressure, neuroimaging, and neurological examination findings. Thus, the major advantage of using S100B is that elevations in serum or CSF levels provide a sensitive measure for determining CNS injury at the molecular level before gross changes develop, enabling timely delivery of crucial medical intervention before irreversible damage occurs. S100B serum levels are elevated before seizures suggesting that BBB leakage may be an early event in seizure development. ^[8] An extremely important application of serum S100B testing is in the selection of patients with minor head injury who do not need further neuroradiological evaluation, as studies comparing CT scans and S100B levels have demonstrated S100B values below 0.12 ng/mL are associated with low risk of obvious neuroradiological changes (such as intracranial hemorrhage or brain swelling) or significant clinical sequelae. ^[9] The excellent negative predictive value of S100B in several neurological conditions is due to the fact that serum S100B levels reflect blood–brain barrier permeability changes even in absence of neuronal injury. ^{[10] [11]} In addition, S100B, which is also present in human melanocytes, is a reliable marker for melanoma malignancy both in bioptic tissue and in serum. ^{[12] [13]}

Model organisms

S100b knockout mouse phenotype

Characteristic	Phenotype
Homozygote viability	Normal
Fertility	Normal
Body weight	Normal
Anxiety	Normal
Neurological assessment	Normal
Grip strength	Normal
Hot plate	Normal
Dysmorphology	Normal
Indirect calorimetry	Normal
Glucose tolerance test	Normal
Auditory brainstem response	Normal
DEXA	Normal
Radiography	Normal
Body temperature	Normal
Eye morphology	Normal
Clinical chemistry	Normal
Haematology	Normal
Peripheral blood lymphocytes	Normal
Micronucleus test	Normal
Heart weight	Normal
Brain histopathology	Normal
Salmonella infection	Normal [14]
Citrobacter infection	Normal [15]
All tests and analysis from [16] [17]

Model organisms have been used in the study of S100B function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called S100b^{tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi [18] [19]} was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists — at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. ^{[20] [21] [22]}

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. ^{[16] [23]} Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice, but no significant abnormalities have yet been observed. ^[16]

Interactions

S100B has been shown to interact with:

• AHNAK, ^[24]
• IMPA1, ^[25]
• IQGAP1, ^[26]
• MAPT, ^{[27] [28]} and
• P53, ^[29]
• PGM1, ^[30]
• S100A1, ^{[31] [32]}
• S100A6, ^{[32] [33]}
• S100A11, ^[33]
• VAV1. ^[34]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160307 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033208 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Wang DD, Bordey A (December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (4): 342–67. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.015. PMC   2613184 . PMID   18948166.
6. "Entrez Gene: S100B S100 calcium binding protein B".
7. Verma N, Karmakar M, Singh KP, Smita S (February 2013). "Structural and Dynamic Insights into S100B Protein Activity Inhibition by Melittin for the Treatment of Epilepsy". International Journal of Computer Applications. NSAAILS (975–8887): 55–60.
8. Marchi N, Angelov L, Masaryk T, Fazio V, Granata T, Hernandez N, Hallene K, Diglaw T, Franic L, Najm I, Janigro D (April 2007). "Seizure-promoting effect of blood–brain barrier disruption". Epilepsia. 48 (4): 732–42. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00988.x. PMC   4135474 . PMID   17319915.
9. Zongo D, Ribéreau-Gayon R, Masson F, Laborey M, Contrand B, Salmi LR, Montaudon D, Beaudeux JL, Meurin A, Dousset V, Loiseau H, Lagarde E (2012). "S100-B protein as a screening tool for the early assessment of minor head injury". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 59 (1): 209–218. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.027. PMID   21944878.
10. Czeisler BM, Janigro D (June 2006). "Reading and writing the blood–brain barrier: relevance to therapeutics". Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery. 1 (2): 157–73. doi:10.2174/157488906777452712. PMID   18221201.
11. Marchi N, Cavaglia M, Fazio V, Bhudia S, Hallene K, Janigro D (April 2004). "Peripheral markers of blood–brain barrier damage". Clinica Chimica Acta. 342 (1–2): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.008. PMID   15026262.
12. Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D (March 2012). "The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress". J. Neurochem. 120 (5): 644–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x . PMID   22145907. S2CID   205624114.
13. Cocchia D, Michetti F, Donato R (November 1981). "Immunochemical and immuno-cytochemical localization of S-100 antigen in normal human skin". Nature. 294 (5836): 85–7. Bibcode:1981Natur.294...85C. doi:10.1038/294085a0. PMID   7290214. S2CID   4333999.
14. "Salmonella infection data for S100b". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
15. "Citrobacter infection data for S100b". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
16. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (S248): 0. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID   85911512.
17. Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
18. "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
19. "Mouse Genome Informatics".
20. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (June 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC   3572410 . PMID   21677750.
21. Dolgin E (June 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi: 10.1038/474262a . PMID   21677718.
22. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 . PMID   17218247. S2CID   18872015.
23. van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biol. 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC   3218837 . PMID   21722353.
24. Gentil BJ, Delphin C, Mbele GO, Deloulme JC, Ferro M, Garin J, Baudier J (June 2001). "The giant protein AHNAK is a specific target for the calcium- and zinc-binding S100B protein: potential implications for Ca2+ homeostasis regulation by S100B". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23253–61. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M010655200 . PMID   11312263.
25. Vig PJ, Shao Q, Subramony SH, Lopez ME, Safaya E (September 2009). "Bergmann glial S100B activates myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 and Co-localizes to purkinje cell vacuoles in SCA1 transgenic mice". Cerebellum. 8 (3): 231–44. doi:10.1007/s12311-009-0125-5. PMC   3351107 . PMID   19593677.
26. Mbele GO, Deloulme JC, Gentil BJ, Delphin C, Ferro M, Garin J, Takahashi M, Baudier J (December 2002). "The zinc- and calcium-binding S100B interacts and co-localizes with IQGAP1 during dynamic rearrangement of cell membranes". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (51): 49998–50007. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M205363200 . PMID   12377780.
27. Yu WH, Fraser PE (April 2001). "S100beta interaction with tau is promoted by zinc and inhibited by hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease". J. Neurosci. 21 (7): 2240–6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02240.2001. PMC   6762409 . PMID   11264299.
28. Baudier J, Cole RD (April 1988). "Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (12): 5876–83. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60647-7 . PMID   2833519.
29. Lin J, Yang Q, Yan Z, Markowitz J, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ (August 2004). "Inhibiting S100B restores p53 levels in primary malignant melanoma cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (32): 34071–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M405419200 . PMID   15178678.
30. Landar A, Caddell G, Chessher J, Zimmer DB (September 1996). "Identification of an S100A1/S100B target protein: phosphoglucomutase". Cell Calcium . 20 (3): 279–85. doi:10.1016/S0143-4160(96)90033-0. PMID   8894274.
31. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID   16189514. S2CID   4427026.
32. Yang Q, O'Hanlon D, Heizmann CW, Marks A (February 1999). "Demonstration of heterodimer formation between S100B and S100A6 in the yeast two-hybrid system and human melanoma". Exp. Cell Res. 246 (2): 501–9. doi:10.1006/excr.1998.4314. PMID   9925766.
33. Deloulme JC, Assard N, Mbele GO, Mangin C, Kuwano R, Baudier J (November 2000). "S100A6 and S100A11 are specific targets of the calcium- and zinc-binding S100B protein in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (45): 35302–10. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M003943200 . PMID   10913138.
34. Fackler OT, Luo W, Geyer M, Alberts AS, Peterlin BM (June 1999). "Activation of Vav by Nef induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and downstream effector functions". Mol. Cell. 3 (6): 729–39. doi: 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)80005-8 . PMID   10394361.

Further reading

• Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW (1996). "The S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins: functions and pathology". Trends Biochem. Sci. 21 (4): 134–40. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(96)80167-8. PMID   8701470.
• Garbuglia M, Verzini M, Sorci G, Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Agneletti AL, Donato R (2000). "The calcium-modulated proteins, S100A1 and S100B, as potential regulators of the dynamics of type III intermediate filaments". Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 32 (10): 1177–85. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999001000001 . PMID   10510252.
• Rothermundt M, Peters M, Prehn JH, Arolt V (2003). "S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration". Microsc. Res. Tech. 60 (6): 614–32. doi:10.1002/jemt.10303. PMID   12645009. S2CID   25531839.
• Michetti F, Gazzolo D (2004). "S100B testing in pregnancy". Clin. Chim. Acta. 335 (1–2): 1–7. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00243-2. PMID   12927678.
• Raabe A, Kopetsch O, Woszczyk A, Lang J, Gerlach R, Zimmermann M, Seifert V (2004). "Serum S-100B protein as a molecular marker in severe traumatic brain injury". Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 21 (3–4): 159–69. PMID   14530578.
• Sen J, Belli A (2007). "S100B in neuropathologic states: the CRP of the brain?". J. Neurosci. Res. 85 (7): 1373–80. doi:10.1002/jnr.21211. PMID   17348038. S2CID   25932611.
• Morii K, Tanaka R, Takahashi Y, Minoshima S, Fukuyama R, Shimizu N, Kuwano R (1991). "Structure and chromosome assignment of human S100 alpha and beta subunit genes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175 (1): 185–91. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81218-5. PMID   1998503.
• Allore RJ, Friend WC, O'Hanlon D, Neilson KM, Baumal R, Dunn RJ, Marks A (1990). "Cloning and expression of the human S100 beta gene". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (26): 15537–43. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55430-2 . PMID   2394738.
• Duncan AM, Higgins J, Dunn RJ, Allore R, Marks A (1989). "Refined sublocalization of the human gene encoding the beta subunit of the S100 protein (S100B) and confirmation of a subtle t(9;21) translocation using in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 50 (4): 234–5. doi:10.1159/000132767. PMID   2530061.
• Baudier J, Cole RD (1988). "Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (12): 5876–83. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60647-7 . PMID   2833519.
• Allore R, O'Hanlon D, Price R, Neilson K, Willard HF, Cox DR, Marks A, Dunn RJ (1988). "Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome". Science. 239 (4845): 1311–3. Bibcode:1988Sci...239.1311A. doi:10.1126/science.2964086. PMID   2964086.
• Jensen R, Marshak DR, Anderson C, Lukas TJ, Watterson DM (1985). "Characterization of human brain S100 protein fraction: amino acid sequence of S100 beta". J. Neurochem. 45 (3): 700–5. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04048.x. PMID   4031854. S2CID   46028228.
• Baudier J, Glasser N, Haglid K, Gerard D (1984). "Purification, characterization and ion binding properties of human brain S100b protein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 790 (2): 164–73. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(84)90220-6. PMID   6487634.
• Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O (1995). "Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence" (PDF). Nature. 377 (6547 Suppl): 3–174. PMID   7566098.
• Schäfer BW, Wicki R, Engelkamp D, Mattei MG, Heizmann CW (1995). "Isolation of a YAC clone covering a cluster of nine S100 genes on human chromosome 1q21: rationale for a new nomenclature of the S100 calcium-binding protein family". Genomics. 25 (3): 638–43. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80005-7. PMID   7759097.
• Reeves RH, Yao J, Crowley MR, Buck S, Zhang X, Yarowsky P, Gearhart JD, Hilt DC (1994). "Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (12): 5359–63. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5359R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5359 . PMC   43994 . PMID   8202493.
• Engelkamp D, Schäfer BW, Mattei MG, Erne P, Heizmann CW (1993). "Six S100 genes are clustered on human chromosome 1q21: identification of two genes coding for the two previously unreported calcium-binding proteins S100D and S100E". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (14): 6547–51. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.6547E. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6547 . PMC   46969 . PMID   8341667.
• Peña LA, Brecher CW, Marshak DR (1997). "beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 34 (1): 118–26. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(95)00145-I. PMID   8750867.
• Argandoña EG, Bengoetxea H, Lafuente JV (2009). "Physical exercise is required for environmental enrichment to offset the quantitative effects of dark-rearing on the S-100β astrocytic density in the rat visual cortex". Journal of Anatomy . 215 (2): 132–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01103.x. PMC   2740960 . PMID   19500177.
• Landar A, Caddell G, Chessher J, Zimmer DB (1997). "Identification of an S100A1/S100B target protein: phosphoglucomutase". Cell Calcium. 20 (3): 279–85. doi:10.1016/S0143-4160(96)90033-0. PMID   8894274.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.