She had a single hull and was just over 121 feet (37m) in length. She displaced nearly 265 metric tons (261 long tons) when surfaced and over 300 metric tons (295 long tons) when submerged. Her two diesel engines moved her at up to 9 knots (17km/h; 10mph) on the surface, while her twin electric motors propelled her at up to 7.5 knots (13.9km/h; 8.6mph) while underwater. She was armed with two bow torpedo tubes and could carry a load of up to four torpedoes. She was also equipped with a 75-millimetre (3.0in)deck gun and a machine gun.
During her service career, U-28 sank the British Q-ship HMS Bradford City and nine other ships, sending a combined tonnage of 44,743 to the bottom. U-28 was surrendered at Venice in 1919, granted to Italy as a war reparation and broken up the following year.
After these steps alleviated their most urgent needs,[4] the Austro-Hungarian Navy selected the German Type UB II design for its newest submarines in mid 1915.[6] The Germans were reluctant to allocate any of their wartime resources to Austro-Hungarian construction, but were willing to sell plans for up to six of the UB II boats to be constructed under license in Austria-Hungary.[6] The Navy agreed to the proposal and purchased the plans from AG Weser of Bremen.[7]
U-28 displaced 264 metric tons (260 long tons) surfaced and 301 metric tons (296 long tons) submerged.[2] She had a single hull with saddle tanks,[8] and was 121feet 1inch (36.91m) long with a beam of 14feet 4inches (4.37m) and a draft of 12feet 2inches (3.71m).[2] For propulsion, she had two shafts, twin diesel engines of 270 brake horsepower (200kW) for surface running, and twin electric motors of 280shp (210kW) for submerged travel. She was capable of 9 knots (17km/h; 10mph) while surfaced and 7.5 knots (13.9km/h; 8.6mph) while submerged.[2] Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-28 in Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, the German UB II boats, upon which the U-27 class was based, had a range of over 6,000 nautical miles (11,000km; 6,900mi) at 5 knots (9.3km/h; 5.8mph) surfaced, and 45 nautical miles (83km; 52mi) at 4 knots (7.4km/h) submerged.[8]U-27-class boats were designed for a crew of 23–24.[2]
U-28 was armed with two 45cm (17.7in) bow torpedo tubes and could carry a complement of four torpedoes. She was also equipped with a 75mm (3.0in)/26 caliber deck gun and an 8mm (0.31in)machine gun.[2]
After intricate political negotiations to allocate production of the class between Austrian and Hungarian firms,[6]U-28 was ordered from Cantiere Navale Triestino (CNT) on 12 October 1915.[1] She was laid down by early 1916 at the Pola Navy Yard,[Note 3] and launched on 8 January 1917.[2]
Service career
After her completion, U-28 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 26 June 1917 under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Zdenko Hudeček.[3] Previously in command of U-17, Hudeček was a 30-year-old native of Theresienstadt (present-day Terezín in the Czech Republic).[9] Four days after the U-boat's commissioning, Hudeček achieved his first kill at the helm of U-28. On 30 June, while on patrol about 40 nautical miles (74km) east of Malta, U-28 came upon the 4,809 GRT British steamer Haigh Hall. The turret hull ship was carrying wheat from Bombay to Naples when torpedoed and sunk by Hudeček.[10] Three days later, the British India passenger ship Mongara met the same fate. Even though escorted by an Italian destroyer and a trawler,[11]Mongara was torpedoed and sunk by U-28 just 1.5 nautical miles (2.8km) from the breakwater at Messina.[12] The 8,205 GRT liner—the largest ship sunk by U-28[13]—was en route from Sydney to London when she went down, but was spared any loss of life in the attack.[12] In eight days in commission, U-28's tally was over 13,000 GRT,[13] already exceeding the totals of all four U-boats of the U-20class.[4]
The following month, U-28 sank the 3,881 GRT collierMaston35 nautical miles (65km) from Cape Spartivento, Calabria, on 13 August, killing two men of the British ship's crew.[14] Three days after Maston went down, U-28 sank HMS Bradford City, a 3,683 GRT British Q ship in the Straits of Messina, with no loss of life.[15] HMS Bradford City, operating under the pseudonym Saros, had been particularly detached to the Straits to hunt U-28 and had ignored orders to proceed to port from officers unaware of her naval status. After the torpedo struck, the ship's "panic party" had taken to the boats in the hope of luring her attacker to the surface, but the arrival of the French naval trawler Hiver drove U-28 away before the gun crews aboard HMS Bradford City could engage the submarine. HMS Bradford City sank within 30 minutes off San Remo.[16] In October, U-28 closed out her 1917 list of victims with Bontnewydd, a British steamer sunk 60 nautical miles (110km)north-northeast of Susa. The 3,296 GRT steamer was sailing in ballast from Marseilles for Karachi.[17]
In January 1918, U-28 sank an additional three ships. Bosforo, an Italian steamer of 2,723 GRT headed for Salonika, was sent to the bottom near Cape Spartivento on 12 January.[18] The following day, U-28 dispatched the British steamer Rapallo1.5 nautical miles (2.8km) south of Cape Peloro. One sailor aboard the one-year-old ship died in the attack, which occurred while the ship was headed to Messina in ballast.[19] On 21 January, West Wales, a collier headed from Barry to Alexandria, was sunk 140 nautical miles (260km) from Malta, taking her load of coal and two of her crew to the bottom.[20]
On 8 March, U-28 attacked two ships, sinking one of them. The first ship, Mitra, a 5,592 GRT tanker was hit by U-28 but was able to make port in Malta with her cargo of oil.[21][Note 4] Later in the month, U-28 sank Uganda32 nautical miles (59km) from Linosa, killing one sailor in the attack. The 1905 British ship was carrying cotton and cottonseed from Alexandria for London when the attack occurred.[22] Three days later, Stolt Nielsen, a 5,684 GRT steamship, was sent to the bottom 38 nautical miles (70km) from Malta. Carrying a general cargo for the Admiralty when she went down, the British ship turned out to be the final ship to be sunk by U-28.[13][23]
At the war's end, U-28 was surrendered to Italy at Venice in 1919. Later awarded to Italy as a war reparation, she was scrapped at Venice in 1920.[2] In her 18-month career, U-28 sank ten ships with a combined tonnage of 44,743, and damaged an eleventh.[13]
↑ By this time, the CNT shipyards at Monfalcone had been overrun by the Italian Army. See: Baumgartner and Sieche, as excerpted here (reprinted and translated into English by Sieche). Retrieved 17 January 2008.
↑ Mitra lived somewhat of a charmed life. The 1912 ship had survived the explosion of a mine laid by German U-boat UC-25 in June 1917, in addition to weathering the attack from U-28. The ship, renamed Liberatador in 1935, remained in service until 1950, when she was scrapped at Buenos Aires. See: "Mitra (1132749)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
SM U-14 or U-XIV was a U-boat or submarine of the Austro-Hungarian Navy during the First World War. She was launched in 1912 as the French Brumaire-class submarineCurie, but captured and rebuilt for service in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. At war's end, the submarine was returned to France and restored to her former name.
SM U-4 or U-IV was a U-3-class submarine or U-boat built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy before and during the First World War. The submarine was built as part of a plan to evaluate foreign submarine designs, and was the second of two boats of the class built by Germaniawerft of Kiel, Germany.
The Type U 66 was a class of five submarines or U-boats operated by the German Imperial Navy during World War I. The class is alternately referred to as the U-66-class or the Type UD. The class was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel to their 506d design as the U-7-class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The five boats were sold to the Imperial Germany Navy at the beginning of World War I when it was thought impossible for the submarines to reach the Mediterranean for delivery to Austria-Hungary.
SM U-15 or U-XV was a U-10-class submarine or U-boat of the Austro-Hungarian Navy during World War I. U-15 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched in April 1915. She was commissioned in October 1915. U-15 was the most successful boat of the U-10 class, sinking six ships totaling 8,044 gross register tons (GRT) and 745 tons. The boat survived the war and was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.
SM U-69 was a Type U 66 submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during the First World War. She had been laid down in February 1914 as U-10 the fourth boat of the U-7 class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy but was sold to Germany, along with the others in her class, in November 1914.
SM U-67 was a Type U 66 submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during the First World War. She had been laid down in November 1913 as U-8 the second boat of the U-7 class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy but was sold to Germany, along with the others in her class, in November 1914.
SM U-70 was a Type U 66 submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during the First World War. She had been laid down in February 1914 as U-11 the final boat of the U-7 class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy but was sold to Germany, along with the others in her class, in November 1914.
SM U-27 or U-XXVII was the lead boat of the U-27 class of U-boats or submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. U-27 was built by the Austrian firm of Cantiere Navale Triestino (CNT) at the Pola Navy Yard and launched on 19 October 1916. She was commissioned on 24 February 1917.
SM U-40 or U-XL was a U-27 class U-boat or submarine for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. U-40, built by the Austrian firm of Cantiere Navale Triestino (CNT) at the Pola Navy Yard, was launched in April 1917 and commissioned in August.
SM U-41 or U-XLI was a U-27 class U-boat or submarine for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. U-41, built by the Austrian firm of Cantiere Navale Triestino (CNT) at the Pola Navy Yard, was launched in November 1917. When she was commissioned in February 1918, she became the last boat of her class to enter service. She was also the last domestically constructed Austro-Hungarian U-boat to enter service.
SM U-31 or U-XXXI was a U-27 class U-boat or submarine for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. U-31, built by the Hungarian firm of Ganz Danubius at Fiume, was launched in March 1917 and commissioned in April.
SM U-32 or U-XXXII was a U-27 class U-boat or submarine for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. U-32, built by the Hungarian firm of Ganz Danubius at Fiume, was launched in May 1917 and commissioned in June.
SM UB-47 was a Type UB II submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during World War I. UB-47 was sold to the Austro-Hungarian Navy during the war. In Austro-Hungarian service the B was dropped from her name and she was known as SM U-47 or U-XLVII as a member of the Austro-Hungarian U-43 class.
SM UB-43 was a Type UB II submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during World War I. UB-43 was sold to the Austro-Hungarian Navy during the war. In Austro-Hungarian service the B was dropped from her name and she was known as SM U-43 or U-XLIII as the lead boat of the Austro-Hungarian U-43 class.
SM UB-42 was a Type UB II submarine or U-boat for the German Imperial Navy during World War I. UB-42 operated in the Mediterranean and the Black Seas during the war. She was broken up at Malta in 1920.
SM UB-12 was a German Type UB I submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I. The submarine disappeared in August 1918.
SM UB-16 was a German Type UB I submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I. The submarine was sunk by a British submarine in May 1918.
SM UB-2 was a German Type UB I submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I. She sank eleven ships during her career and was broken up in Germany in 1920.
SM U-80 was one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. U-80 was engaged in the naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.
SM UB-50 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 20 May 1916. She was commissioned into the Pola Flotilla of the German Imperial Navy on 12 July 1917 as SM UB-50.
1 2 3 4 Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: KUK U14". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Haigh Hall". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
1 2 Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Mongara". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
1 2 3 4 Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by KUK U28". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Maston". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Bradford City". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Bontnewydd". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Bosforo". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Rapallo". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: West Wales". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Mitra (d.)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Uganda". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Stolt Nielsen". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by KUK U28". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
Bibliography
Baumgartner, Lothar; Sieche, Erwin (1999). Die Schiffe der k.(u.)k. Kriegsmarine im Bild = Austro-Hungarian warships in photographs (in German). Wien: Verlagsbuchhandlung Stöhr. ISBN978-3-901208-25-6. OCLC43596931.
Gibson, R. H.; Prendergast, Maurice (2003) [1931]. The German Submarine War, 1914–1918. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-314-7. OCLC52924732.
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