SS Jeddah

Last updated

SS Jeddah
History
NameSS Jeddah
Namesake Jeddah
Owner Singapore Steamship Company
Port of registryCivil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  UK
BuilderW.Denny & Brs., Dumbarton
Launched1872 [1]
IdentificationOfficial number 67990
General characteristics
Class and type100 A1 (Lloyds Register)
TypeSteamship
Tonnage1,030  NRT
Length280 ft 0 in (85.3 m)
Beam33 ft 2 in (10.1 m)
Capacity1100 (crew + passengers)
Crew50
NotesAbandoned

SS Jeddah was a British-flagged Singaporean-owned passenger steamship. It was built in 1872 in Dumbarton, Great Britain, especially for the Hajj pilgrim trade, and was owned by Singapore-based merchant Syed Mahomed Alsagoff. In 1880, the officers onboard the Jeddah abandoned it when it listed and appeared to be sinking, leaving more than 700 passengers aboard. [2] The event later inspired the plot of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim . The vessel was retrieved and continued to sail, later being renamed Diamond.

Contents

Incident

On 17 July 1880, Jeddah left Singapore bound for Penang and subsequently Jeddah with 953 passengers – 778 men, 147 women, and 67 children – aboard. It also had 600 tonnes of general cargo, mostly sugar, garron wood, and general merchandise. The passengers were Muslim pilgrims travelling to Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage. A nephew of the ship's owner, Syed Omar al-Sagoff (Arabic: سيد عمر السقاف Saiyid ʿUmar al-Saqqāf) was among the passengers. [3] Its multinational crew included the captain (Joseph Lucas Clark), two European officers (the first mate, named Augustine "Austin" Podmore Williams, and the second mate), and a European third engineer. The captain's wife, who was also a European, was also aboard. [4]

On 3 August 1880, while off Ras Hafun in hurricane-force winds and heavy seas, the ship's boilers moved from their seatings. The crew used wedges to reseat the boilers. [5] On 6 August, the weather worsened further and the wedges holding the boilers in place began to give way. Leaks developed and the ship was stopped to make repairs. Thereafter it proceeded slowly during the night of 6–7 August with only one boiler lit. However, the leaks increased and despite the efforts of the crew and passengers trying to bail out the water, it began to take on more water due to leaks in the supply lines in the bottom. It was again stopped for repairs, during which time it began to roll heavily, its boilers broke loose and all connection pipes were washed away, rendering its engines ineffective. Its crew rigged its sails to try to use wind power, but the sails blew away.

On 7 August, while Jeddah drifted in the Indian Ocean off Socotra and Cape Guardafui, Captain Clark and most of the ship's officers and crew prepared to launch the lifeboats. Upon discovering this, the pilgrims, who until then were helping bail out water from the engine room, tried to prevent the crew from abandoning them. A fight ensued, resulting in a few of the crew falling overboard and drowning.

The officers escaped in the starboard lifeboat, leaving the pilgrims to their fate. The Board of Trade inquiry proceedings [6] note that a scuffle began while the lifeboat was being launched; the passengers threw whatever they could onto the lifeboat to prevent it from being lowered, and pulled away the first mate, who was lowering the boat from the ship, causing him to fall overboard. The first mate was later pulled into the lifeboat. Thus, the captain, his wife, the chief engineer, the first officer and several other crew members escaped in the lifeboat, leaving the passengers and a few of the officers and crew on their own aboard Jeddah. The British convict ship SS Scindian picked up the people in the lifeboat a few hours later at 10:00 a.m. on 8 August and took them to Aden, where they told a story of violent passengers murdering two of the ship′s engineers and reported that Jeddah had sunk near Yemen with great loss of life among its passengers.

However, Jeddah did not sink. Its passengers later reported that after the captain's lifeboat had been launched, the second mate had tried to escape in another lifeboat along with a few passengers. The other passengers had prevented this, and in the confusion that ensued, the lifeboat fell into the water, drowning the second mate and two passengers aboard the lifeboat with him. Thereafter the remaining 20 crew members, including two officers, with the help of the passengers, bailed the water out of the ship's engine room. They then hoisted distress signals, which the Blue Funnel Line steamship SS Antenor (1872), sailing from Shanghai to London with 680 passengers aboard, sighted while Jeddah′s passengers and crew were trying to beach Jeddah off Ras Feeluk, near Bandar Maryah. Antenor approached Jeddah, assisted Jeddah′s crew and passengers in making her stable, and then towed her into the port of Aden, where she arrived on 11 August to much astonishment. Almost all the pilgrims had survived. [7]

Fate of crew and passengers

In all, the official inquiry established the number of people rescued from Jeddah as 18 crew members (one of whom was working his passage), one second engineer, one supercargo, and 992 passengers (778 men, 147 women, and 67 children, not counting infants in arms). [2] In all, 18 people died during the incident, including the second mate, three Khalasis, and 14 passengers. [8]

Court of inquiry

A court of inquiry was held at Aden by the resident and sessions judge G. R. Goodfellow. The inquiry criticised Jeddah′s chief engineer for incorrect operation of the boilers, which aggravated matters. It also found the actions of Captain Clark in swinging out Jeddah′s lifeboats prematurely and subsequently launching the boats – dismaying the passengers – unprofessional and that he showed a "want of judgement and tact". It also found him "guilty of gross misconduct in being indirectly the cause of the deaths of the second mate and ten natives, seven crew and three passengers, and in abandoning his disabled ship with nearly 1,000 souls on board to their fate". His master′s certificate was suspended for three years. The court of inquiry also criticised the behaviour of the Chief Mate Williams. It commended the actions of the master and first mate of Antenor. [9] The court was also critical that 1000 passengers could be allowed aboard a ship such as this during inclement weather.

Aftermath and Joseph Conrad's book Lord Jim

The incident was much publicised in the United Kingdom in general and London in particular. Newspapers had many reports and letters to the editors, from the public, from people who had actually sailed on pilgrim ships and described the grim conditions aboard, and from merchants and owners of pilgrim ships. [10]

The Jeddah incident inspired Joseph Conrad, who had landed in Singapore during 1883, to write the novel Lord Jim . He used the name SS Patna for his fictional pilgrim ship. [11]

See also

Citations

  1. "Letter to the editor : A Singapore Merchant". The Times (London). 17 August 1880.
  2. 1 2 "REPORT of a Court of Inquiry held at Aden into the cause of the abandonment of the steamship "JEDDAH"". Plimsoll.org. British Department of Trade. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. The Times 1880.
  4. Report of a court of enquiry held at Aden into the cause of the abandonment of the steamship "JEDDAH" : No. 896. Port of Aden: British Department of Trade. 20 August 1880.
  5. "S.S.Jeddah". Vol. XIV, no. 3994. The Wanganui Herald. 10 November 1880. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  6. Board of Trade Wreck Report for Jeddah, 1881 [usurped]
  7. Sedgreaves, Sir Thomas (22 October 1881). Report on the action for salvage brought against the Jeddah. Vice Admiralty Court of Straits Settlements. pp. 3, 4.
  8. "Letter to Syed Mahomed Alsagoff by Cowasjee Dinshaw & Bros". (Sent via Steamer Point Aden). Daily Times. 20 August 1880.
  9. "Official Report : Court of Enquiry" (PDF). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. Moore, Gene. "Newspaper accounts of the Jeddah Affair" (PDF). Joseph Conrad Society. University of Antwerp. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  11. Moore, Gene. Newspaper Accounts of the Jeddah Affair. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Related Research Articles

SS <i>Carnatic</i> British steamship wrecked in the gulf of Suez

SS Carnatic was a British steamship built in 1862-63 by Samuda Brothers at Cubitt Town on the Isle of Dogs, London, for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). She operated on the Suez to Bombay run in the last years before the Suez Canal was opened. This route gave a fast, steamship-operated route from Britain to India, connecting with similar steamships running through the Mediterranean to Alexandria, with an overland crossing to Suez. The alternative was to sail round the Cape of Good Hope, a distance at which steam ships were not, in the early 1860s, sufficiently economical to be commercially competitive with sail.

<i>Lord Jim</i> 1900 novel by Joseph Conrad

Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad originally published as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine from October 1899 to November 1900. An early and primary event in the story is the abandonment of a passenger ship in distress by its crew, including a young British seaman named Jim. He is publicly censured for this action and the novel follows his later attempts at coming to terms with himself and his past and seeking redemption and acceptance.

SS <i>Yarmouth Castle</i> American steamship lost in a disastrous fire

SS Yarmouth Castle, built as Evangeline, was an American steamship whose loss in a disastrous fire in 1965 prompted new laws regarding safety at sea.

<i>The Last Voyage</i> 1960 film by Andrew L. Stone

The Last Voyage is a 1960 Metrocolor American disaster film starring Robert Stack, Dorothy Malone, George Sanders, and Edmond O'Brien.

SS <i>Elbe</i> (1881) Transatlantic ocean liner

SS Elbe was a transatlantic ocean liner built in the Govan Shipyard of John Elder & Company Ltd., Glasgow, in 1881 for the Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen. She foundered on the night of 30 January 1895 following a collision in the North Sea with the steamship Crathie, resulting in the loss of 334 lives.

SS <i>Mount Temple</i> Passenger cargo steamship built in 1901

Mount Temple was a passenger cargo steamship built in 1901 by Armstrong Whitworth & Company of Newcastle for Elder, Dempster & Co Ltd of Liverpool to operate as part of its Beaver Line. The ship was shortly afterwards acquired by the Canadian Pacific Railway.Although nearby, it did not assist the Titanic during its time of crisis, nor respond to its repeated stress flare signals.

Sinking of the <i>Titanic</i> 1912 maritime disaster

RMS Titanic sank in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean, four days into her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The largest ocean liner in service at the time, Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23:40 on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02:20 ship's time on Monday, 15 April, resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history.

Crew of the <i>Titanic</i> Crew of liner that sank in April 1912

The crew of the Titanic were among the estimated 2,240 people who sailed on the maiden voyage of the second of the White Star Line's Olympic-class ocean liners, from Southampton, England, to New York City in the United States. Halfway through the voyage, the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912, resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people, including approximately 688 crew members.

Augustine Podmore Williams was an English mariner who gained notoriety in the 1880s as the result of a scandal on the high seas.

SS Hong Moh was a passenger ship that was wrecked on the White Rocks off Lamock Island, Swatow, on 3 March 1921 with the loss of about 900 lives.

SS <i>Mohegan</i> British steamship wrecked off of Cornwall in 1898

The SS Mohegan was a steamer which sank off the coast of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, on her second voyage. She hit The Manacles on 14 October 1898 with the loss of 106 out of 197 on board.

SS <i>Volturno</i> (1906) Canadian ocean liner; caught fire and scuttled in North Atlantic (1913)

SS Volturno was an ocean liner that caught fire and was eventually scuttled in the North Atlantic in October 1913. She was a Royal Line ship under charter to the Uranium Line at the time of the fire. After the ship issued SOS signals, eleven ships came to her aid and, in heavy seas and gale winds, rescued 521 passengers and crewmen. In total 135 people died in the incident, most of them women and children in lifeboats launched unsuccessfully prior to the arrival of the rescue ships.

SS Norwich City was a British cargo steamship. She was built in 1911 as Normanby, and renamed Norwich City in 1919. She was wrecked in the Pacific Ocean in 1929. For many years her wreck was a sea mark on the atoll of Nikumaroro. The wreck is now largely broken up.

SS Norlantic was an American cargo ship of the Norlasco Steamship Company of New York that was scuttled after being damaged by German submarine U-69 in May 1942 with the loss of seven lives. The ship was built as SS Lake Fandango, a Design 1099 ship of the United States Shipping Board (USSB), in 1919 and had also sailed under the name SS Lexington.

Rescue of the SS <i>Danmark</i> 1889 maritime incident in the northern Atlantic Ocean

The rescue of the SS Danmark began on April 6, 1889, when the cargo ship, SS Missouri, came to the rescue of the sinking SS Danmark and saved all of the passengers and crew of the Danmark.

SS <i>Columbia</i> (1880) American cargo and passenger steamship (1880-1907)

SS Columbia (1880–1907) was a cargo and passenger steamship that was owned by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and later the San Francisco and Portland Steamship Company. Columbia was constructed in 1880 by the John Roach & Sons shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania for the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company.

SS <i>Utopia</i> British transatlantic passenger steamship (1874–1900)

SS Utopia was a transatlantic passenger steamship built in 1874 by Robert Duncan & Co of Glasgow. From 1874 to 1882 she operated on Anchor Line routes from Glasgow to New York City, from Glasgow to Bombay and from London to New York City. After 1882 she carried Italian immigrants to the United States.

RMS <i>Tahiti</i> UK Royal Mail Ship

RMS Tahiti was a UK Royal Mail Ship, ocean liner and refrigerated cargo ship. She was launched in 1904 in Scotland as RMS Port Kingston for a subsidiary of Elder Dempster Lines. In 1911 the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand bought her and renamed her Tahiti.

SS Nailsea Court was a UK cargo steamship. She was launched in 1936 in Sunderland, England. She was named after Nailsea Court in Somerset, England, which is an historic Elizabethan manor house. A U-boat sank her in the North Atlantic in March 1943. 45 men died and only four survived.

SS <i>Aden</i> (1891) P&O steamship built in 1892 and wrecked in 1897

SS Aden was a P&O cargo ship that was built in England in 1892. She was wrecked in the Indian Ocean in 1897, with the loss of 78 lives. She was the second of three P&O steamships to be named after the British Aden Colony. The first was launched in 1856 as Delta, completed as Aden, and hulked in 1875. The third was launched in 1946 as Somerset, renamed Aden in 1954, and scrapped in 1967.

References