Saccharomyces paradoxus

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Saccharomyces paradoxus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Saccharomyces
Species:
S. paradoxus
Binomial name
Saccharomyces paradoxus
Bachinskaya, A.A., 1914

Saccharomyces paradoxus is a wild yeast and the closest known species to the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . It is used in population genomics and phylogenetic studies to compare its wild characteristics to laboratory yeasts. [1]

Contents

Ecology

Saccharomyces paradoxus is mostly isolated from deciduous trees (oak, maple, birch), and in some rare occasions on insects and fruits. [2] [3] [4] [5] It is often found in sympatry with other Saccharomyces species. [6] [7] [8] Like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has a worldwide distribution and it is mesophilic, which limits its natural distribution to low latitudes. However, Saccharomyces paradoxus typically grows at lower temperatures than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a slight shift in its distribution toward cooler regions, like British islands and Eastern Canada. [2] [8] [9]

Biogeography

Saccharomyces paradoxus worldwide distribution. Populations are represented in different colours. Green asterisks indicate recent introductions of the European type. Saccharomyces paradoxus worldwide distribution.jpg
Saccharomyces paradoxus worldwide distribution. Populations are represented in different colours. Green asterisks indicate recent introductions of the European type.
Phylogeny of main Saccharomyces paradoxus populations. Tree-S.paradoxus gene Pop2-Rpb2 Leducq-2014.jpg
Phylogeny of main Saccharomyces paradoxus populations.

Unlike most other Saccharomyces species, there is no evidence that Saccharomyces paradoxus has been domesticated by humans. [3] [11] Accordingly, its biogeography is mostly marked by natural processes like limited migration, [3] glacial refugia [12] and adaptation to climate. [10] At least four genetically and phenotypically distinct populations of Saccharomyces paradoxus have been identified, corresponding to main geographical divisions: Europe (including West Siberia), Far East Asia (Japan, Eastern Siberia), North America (North American East and West coasts, Great Lakes region) and North-East America (Gaspé Peninsula, Saint Lawrence Valley and Appalaches), respectively. [3] [9] [10] [11] Representative strains of these populations exhibit partial post-zygotic isolation. [12] [13] A fifth population is represented by a singleton isolate from Hawaii. [3] [11] Some strains from the European population are found in North America and New Zealand and likely result from recent colonization events. [14] [15] Two isolates from South America, described as Saccharomyces cariocanus , [16] are genetically indistinguishable but exhibit post-zygotic isolation when crossed to strains from the American population, due to chromosomal translocations. [13]

Reproduction

Saccharomyces paradoxus is naturally homothallic, and is mostly found as diploid in the environment. Reproduction is mostly clonal and 99% of sexual reproduction occurs between spores from the same ascus. [17] This purges recessive deleterious mutations that accumulated during clonal expansion, in a process known as "genome renewal". [18] [19] Post-zygotic isolation between strains of Saccharomyces paradoxus is commonly observed and could be either due to genetic divergence between populations or to chromosomal changes within populations. [12] [13]

Like in other Saccharomyces species, heterothallism can be restored using standard genetic tools, to obtain stable haploid strains for experimental purposes.

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Dunham, MJ; Louis, ED (2011). "Yeast evolution and ecology meet genomics". EMBO Reports. 12 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1038/embor.2010.204. PMC   3024138 . PMID   21151040.
  2. 1 2 Charron, G; Leducq, J-B; Bertin, C (2014). "Exploring the northern limit of the distribution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus in North America". FEMS Yeast Research. 14 (2): 281–8. doi: 10.1111/1567-1364.12100 . PMID   24119009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hyma, KE; Jay, JC (2013). "Mixing of vineyard and oak-tree ecotypes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in North American vineyards". Molecular Ecology. 22 (11): 2917–30. doi:10.1111/mec.12155. PMC   3620907 . PMID   23286354.
  4. ↑ Maganti, H; Bartfai, D; Xu, J (2012). "Ecological structuring of yeasts associated with trees around Hamilton, Ontario, Canada". FEMS Yeast Research. 12 (1): 9–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00756.x . PMID   22029478.
  5. ↑ Sniegowski, PD; Dombrowski, PG; Fingerman, E (2002). "Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus coexist in a natural woodland site in North America and display different levels of reproductive isolation from European conspecifics". FEMS Yeast Research. 1 (4): 299–306. doi: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00048.x . PMID   12702333.
  6. ↑ Naumov, GI; Naumova, ES; Sniegowski, PD (1998). "Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are associated with exudates of North American oaks". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 44 (11): 1045–50. doi:10.1139/w98-104. PMID   10029999.
  7. ↑ Sampaio, JP; Goncalves, P (2008). "Natural populations of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii in Portugal are associated with oak bark and are sympatric with S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (7): 2144–52. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74.2144S. doi:10.1128/AEM.02396-07. PMC   2292605 . PMID   18281431.
  8. 1 2 Sweeney, JY; Kuehne, HA; Sniegowski, PD (2004). "Sympatric natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus populations have different thermal growth profiles". FEMS Yeast Research. 4 (4–5): 521–5. doi: 10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00171-5 . PMID   14734033.
  9. 1 2 Johnson, LJ; Koufopanou, V; Goddard, MR (2004). "Population genetics of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus". Genetics. 166 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1534/genetics.166.1.43. PMC   1470673 . PMID   15020405.
  10. 1 2 3 Leducq, J-B; Charron, G; Samani, P (2014). "Local climatic adaptation in a widespread microorganism". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1777): 20132472. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2472. PMC   3896012 . PMID   24403328.
  11. 1 2 3 Liti, G; Carter, DM; Moses, AM (2009). "Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts". Nature. 458 (7236): 337–41. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..337L. doi:10.1038/nature07743. PMC   2659681 . PMID   19212322.
  12. 1 2 3 Charron, G; Leducq, J-B; Landry, CR (2014). "Chromosomal variation segregates within incipient species and correlates with reproductive isolation". Molecular Ecology. 23 (17): 4362–4372. doi:10.1111/mec.12864. PMID   25039979. S2CID   43071397.
  13. 1 2 3 Liti, G; Barton, DB; Louis, EJ (2006). "Sequence diversity, reproductive isolation and species concepts in Saccharomyces". Genetics. 174 (2): 839–850. doi:10.1534/genetics.106.062166. PMC   1602076 . PMID   16951060.
  14. ↑ Kuehne, HA; Murphy, HA; Francis, CA (2007). "Allopatric divergence, secondary contact, and genetic isolation in wild yeast populations". Current Biology. 17 (5): 407–11. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.047 . PMID   17306538. S2CID   18301950.
  15. ↑ Zhang, HA; Skelton, A; Gardner, RC (2010). "Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae reside on oak trees in New Zealand: evidence for migration from Europe and interspecies hybrids". FEMS Yeast Research. 10 (7): 941–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00681.x . PMID   20868381.
  16. ↑ Naumov, GI; James, SA; Naumova, ES (2000). "Three new species in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex: Saccharomyces cariocanus, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces mikatae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (5): 1931–42. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-5-1931 . PMID   11034507.
  17. ↑ Tsai, IJ; Bensasson, D; Burt, A (2008). "Population genomics of the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus: Quantifying the life cycle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (12): 4957–62. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.4957T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707314105 . PMC   2290798 . PMID   18344325.
  18. ↑ Mortimer, Robert K.; Romano, Patrizia; Suzzi, Giovanna; Polsinelli, Mario (December 1994). "Genome renewal: A new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of grape musts". Yeast. 10 (12): 1543–1552. doi:10.1002/yea.320101203. PMID   7725789. S2CID   11989104.
  19. ↑ Masel, Joanna; Lyttle, David N. (December 2011). "The consequences of rare sexual reproduction by means of selfing in an otherwise clonally reproducing species". Theoretical Population Biology. 80 (4): 317–322. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.004. PMC   3218209 . PMID   21888925.
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