| Sapará | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Roraima |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
Cariban
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | sapa1254 |
 Sapará is classified as Extinct according to the criteria of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Sapará is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Paravilyana branch. [1]
The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to north-eastern South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, and they are also spoken in small pockets of central Brazil. The languages of the Cariban family are relatively closely related. There are about three dozen, but most are spoken only by a few hundred people. Macushi is the only language among them with numerous speakers, estimated at 30,000. The Cariban family is well known among linguists partly because one language in the family—Hixkaryana—has a default word order of object–verb–subject. Prior to their discovery of this, linguists believed that this order did not exist in any spoken natural language.
Carib or Kari'nja is a Cariban language spoken by the Kalina people (Caribs) of South America. It is spoken by around 7,400 mostly in Brazil, The Guianas, and Venezuela. The language is currently classified as highly endangered.
Je–Tupi–Carib is a proposed language family composed of the Macro-Je, Tupian and Cariban languages of South America. Aryon Rodrigues (2000) based this proposal on shared morphological patterns. In an earlier proposal, Rodrigues (1985) had also proposed a Tupí-Cariban language family.
The Peba–Yaguan language family is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family.
Panare is a Cariban language, spoken by the Panare, who number 3,000–4,000 and live in Bolivar State in central Venezuela. Their main area is South of the town of Caicara del Orinoco, south of the Orinoco River. There are several subdialects of the language. The autonym for this language and people is e'ñapá, which has various senses depending on context, including 'people', 'indigenous-people', and 'Panare-people'. The term "Panare" itself is a Tupí word that means "friend." It is unusual in having object–verb–agent as one of its main word orders, the other being the more common verb–agent–object. It also displays the typologically uncommon property of an ergative–absolutive alignment in the non-perfective aspects and a nominative–accusative alignment in perfective aspect.
The Borôroan languages of Brazil are Borôro and the extinct Umotína and Otuke. They are sometimes considered to form part of the proposed Macro-Jê language family, though this has been disputed.
The Kalapalo are an indigenous people of Brazil. They are one of seventeen tribal groups who inhabit the Xingu National Park in the Upper Xingu River region of the state of Mato Grosso. They speak the Amonap language, a Cariban language, and one of four spoken languages in the area. They have a population of 569 as of 2010.
The Kalinago language, also known as Island Carib and Igneri, was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in language death, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna, primarily in Central America.
Arára is a Cariban language of Pará, Brazil. It is spoken by the Arara and perhaps other related groups.
The indigenous languages of the Americas form various linguistic areas or Sprachbunds that share various common (areal) traits. The following list of linguistic areas is primarily based on Campbell.
Wayumara is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Makiritare branch as a close relative of Ye'kuana.
Arakajú (Aracajú) is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Wayana branch.
Yarumá is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Arara branch, as does Gildea (1998).
Apingi, also known as Apiaká , is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Arara branch.
Juma is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Arara branch.
Paravilyana (Paravilhana) is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Pawishiana branch.
Boanarí (Bonari) is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Atruahí branch.
Purukotó (Purucotó) is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Pemong branch.
The Chaco linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes various South American language families and isolates of the Chaco region of South America, in southern Brazil, southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.
The Pekodian languages are a subgroup of the Cariban language family. The languages are spoken in Mato Grosso and Pará states of Brazil and make up the southernmost branch of Cariban.
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