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The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe.
Għar Dalam is a 144 metre long phreatic tube and cave, or cul-de-sac, located in the outskirts of Birżebbuġa, Malta. The cave contains the bone remains of animals that were stranded and subsequently became extinct in Malta at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. It has lent its name to the Għar Dalam phase in Maltese prehistory, and is viewed as one of Malta's most important national monuments. Pottery similar to that found in Stentinello was found at Għar Dalam, but lacking details such as stamp decorations.
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The Caudini were a Samnite tribe that lived among the mountains ringing Campania and in the valleys of the Isclero and Volturnus rivers. Their capital was at Caudium, but it seems certain that the appellation was not confined to the citizens of Caudium and its immediate territory.
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The wood-pasture hypothesis, also known as the Vera hypothesis and the megaherbivore theory is a scientific hypothesis that posits that open and semi-open pastures and wood-pastures formed and maintained by large wild herbivores, rather than primeval forests, would have formed the predominant type of landscape in post-glacial Europe, thus opposing the common belief. As the name Vera hypothesis implies, it was first proposed by Dutch researcher Frans Vera in his book Grazing Ecology and Forest History in 2000 and translated into English in 2002. Vera's ideas were not completely novel at the time. Already two years earlier, Oliver Rackham had published an article in which he criticised the idea of an all-encompassing, dark primeval forest in pre-Neolithic times as envisioned by the majority of scholars, however, Vera was the first to develop a comprehensive framework for such ideas and formulate a competing theorem. Vera's proposals, although highly controversial, came at a time when the role grazers played in woodlands was increasingly being reconsidered, and are credited for ushering a period of increased reassesment and interdisciplinary research in European conservation theory and practice. Although Vera largely focused his research on the European situation, his findings could also be applied to other temperate ecological regions worldwide, especially the broadleaved ones. More so in his book Vera also discusses the decline of ancient oak-hickory-forest communities in Eastern North America, arguing against the widely accepted assumption that those are a product of frequent fires, instead suggesting that herds of American bison that roamed the East coast in the pre-settlement period kept the forests open, thus supporting light-demanding plant communities consisting of oak, hickory and hawthorn species among others.
References
- ↑ Salmon, E. T. (1956). "The Resumption of Hostilities after the Caudine Forks". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 87: 98–108. doi:10.2307/283875. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283875.
- ↑ Salmon, E. T. (1967-09-02). Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06185-8.
- ↑ Fields, Nic (2021-03-18). Caudine Forks 321 BC: Rome's Humiliation in the Second Samnite War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2491-2.
- ↑ Hoyer, Daniel C. (2012-01-01). "Samnite Economy and the Competitive Environment of Italy in . the Fifth to Third Centuries bc". Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic. Brill. pp. 179–196. doi:10.1163/9789004229600_012. ISBN 978-90-04-22960-0.
- ↑ Russo Ermolli, Elda; Sardella, Raffaele; Di Maio, Giovanni; Petronio, Carmelo; Santangelo, Nicoletta (2010-09-15). "Pollen and mammals from the late Early Pleistocene site of Saticula (Sant'Agata de' Goti, Benevento, Italy)". Quaternary International. Palaeobotanical and Palynological Records from Italy. 225 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.013. ISSN 1040-6182.
Coordinates: 41°5′N14°30′E / 41.083°N 14.500°E
Archaeological sites in Campania | ||
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| Province of Avellino |     | |
| Province of Benevento | ||
| Province of Caserta | ||
| Province of Naples | ||
| Province of Salerno | ||
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