Scheduled castes in Punjab, or Dalits in Punjab, are the officially designated groups in Punjab state in India and Punjab province in Pakistan which are most disadvantaged due to the caste system. They were placed in the lowest ranks of the caste system, because of which they suffered and are still suffering from social, political, economic and personal discrimination. These groups were historically known as Dalits but in 1935, the term "Scheduled Castes" came to replace this term in official terminology with the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935 . [1]
Before 1857, even though Dalits served as leather workers, sweepers and scavengers, butchers and performed menial duties in the British cantonments and under the British army, they were not recruited as soldiers. But after the 1857 war of independence, this began to change. Due to the shortage of soldiers from the so-called 'upper castes', British began to recruit Dalits as soldiers. They raised a regiment of Mazhabis and Ramdasias in Punjab. After some training, they sent them to fight against rebel soldiers in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. They had also raised Dalit regiments (Mehtar Regiment) in Hindi speaking areas, which were disbanded after the war, but the Mazhabi-Ramdasia regiment was allowed to continue. [2]
In 1900, Punjab Land Alienation Act was passed, which had the unintended consequence of depriving Dalits the right to own land, because they were officially not considered an 'agricultural caste' by the British government. [3]
In June 1926, Ad-Dharm movement was launched by Babu Mangu Ram Mugowalia for the upliftment of the Dalits of Punjab. [4] Ad-Dharam movement's aim was to create a separate religion and identity for the Dalits. The first meeting of the movement was held on 11–12 June 1926 in Hoshiarpur.
The movement also created its political organization, called Ad-Dharam Mandal, to fulfill its political ideas. It contested the 1937 elections and won one seat. It was successful in spreading awareness and assertion among Dalits. They also contested 1945-46 elections in alliance with Unionist Party, in which Mangoo Ram got elected. To bring consciousness in the Dalit community, they also started newspapers like Adi Danka and Ujjala.
In 1957, Pakistan officially recognized forty non-Muslim groups as being scheduled castes. [1] [5] However, in Pakistan the castes listed as scheduled castes are necessarily read as being Hindu-only, despite the existence of Dalit Muslims and Dalit Christians in Pakistan. [6] This is due to the prevailing belief in Pakistan that there are no caste-hierarchies being observed amongst Muslims and that Dalits exist in India, not Pakistan. [6] Meanwhile, many Dalits reject the Hindu label and prefer to classify themselves as being members of "indigenous cultures and traditions". [6] The majority of Dalits in Pakistan are Christian. [6] There is no reliable caste-census available for Pakistan. [6] Despite the Dalits of Pakistan being allotted a six-percent reservation in government jobs in 1948, this was never put into action and the requirement was dropped in the 1990's. [6]
Whilst modern Punjab does not list any groups under the Scheduled Tribe (ST) designation, during British-rule the Sansis, Bazigars, and Bouria were categorized as Scheduled Tribes in Punjab. [7] After independence, the former three ST groups of Punjab were re-categorized as SCs. [7]
In 2001, thirty-seven community-groups were designated as SCs in the Punjab, with two more, the Mahatam/Rai Sikhs and the Mochi, being added to the SC list prior to the 2011 census. [7] There are currently thirty-nine groups listed as SCs and sixty-eight listed as OBCs in Punjab, India, with no groups being listed as STs. [8] [9] [10]
On 21 September 2021, Charanjit Singh Channi became the first person from Dalit community to become the Chief Minister of Punjab. He was appointed as a chief minister by Congress Party after the resignation of Captain Amarinder Singh. He ruled for about 6 months before expiry of his term. [11]
According to a 2011 district census handbook, there were thirty-nine groups classified as Scheduled Castes (SCs) in the Punjab state of India: [8] [10] [note 1]
Forty non-Muslim groups are classified as Scheduled Castes in Pakistan through Ordinance 1957 ordinance No. XVI of 1957, namely the following: [5] [1] [note 2]
As of September 2020, the caste population data foreach Forward caste citizen in Punjab collected in Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 has not been released to public by Government of India. [12] [13] Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes form 63.2% of the total population of Punjab, India. [14]
| Caste Population data of Punjab, India | ||
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional categories | Population (%) | Castes |
| Other Backward Classes (OBC) | 31.3% [15] [16] | includes Sainis, [17] Kamboj, Labana, Tarkhan/Ramgarhia, Kumhar/Prajapati, Arain, Gujjar, Teli, Banjara, Lohar, Bhat, [18] Others |
| Scheduled Castes (Dalits not including Rai Sikh statistics [19] ) | 31.9% [20] |
|
| General castes/Forward castes | 33% | |
| religious minorities | 3.8% [23] | includes Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jains |
According to the 2011 census, 73.3% SC population predominantly lives in rural areas and 26.6% in urban areas of Punjab. In the state, 60.8% SCs follow Sikhism, 38.8% Hinduism and 0.3% Buddhism. [24]
Below is the list of districts according to the percentage of their SC population, according to 2011 census. [25] [26] [27]
| Sr. No. | District | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar | 42.51% |
| 2 | Muktsar | 42.31% |
| 3 | Fazilka | 42.27% |
| 4 | Firozpur | 42.07% |
| 5 | Jalandhar | 38.95% |
| 6 | Faridkot | 38.92% |
| 7 | Moga | 36.50% |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 35.14% |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 33.94% |
| 10 | Tarn Taran | 33.71% |
| 11 | Mansa | 33.63% |
| 12 | Bathinda | 32.44% |
| 13 | Barnala | 32.24% |
| 14 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 32.07% |
| 15 | Amritsar | 30.95% |
| 16 | Pathankot | 30.60% |
| 17 | Sangrur | 27.89% |
| 18 | Ludhiana | 26.39% |
| 19 | Rupnagar | 25.42% |
| 20 | Patiala | 24.55% |
| 21 | Gurdaspur | 23.03% |
| 22 | SAS Nagar | 21.74% |
Scheduled caste (SC) population among different religions in Punjab - Census 2011 [28]
| Religion | Total Population | Scheduled Caste Population | Scheduled Caste Population % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikh | 16,004,754 | 5,390,484 | 33.68% |
| Hindu | 10,678,138 | 3,442,305 | 32.23% |
| Buddhist | 33,237 | 27,390 | 82.40% |
There are more than 35 designated scheduled castes in Punjab. Of these, the five largest form 87% of the total SC population. Mazhabis constitute 31.5% of the SC population, Ravidasias/Ramdasias 26.2%, Ad-Dharmis 15% and Valmikis 11%. [29]
As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16), the infant mortality rate was 40 per 1000 live births before the age of one year for scheduled castes, compared to 29 per 1000 births for the state as a whole. The infant mortality rate for other backward castes (OBC) was 21 per 1000 live births and 22 per 1000 for those who are not from SC and OBC classes. [30]
Although the prevalence of anaemia (low levels of haemoglobin in the blood) has been found quite high among all population groups in Punjab, it was still higher among the SC population than other groups. For the women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, the prevalence of anaemia among SC women was 56.9%, compared to 53.5% for the state as a whole. Among the children between the ages of 6 and 59 months, the rate of anaemia for SC children was 60%, compared to 56.9% for the state as a whole. [30]
The table below compares the health status of Scheduled Caste population of Punjab, according to NFHS-3.
| Indicators | SC | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Infant Mortality Rate | 46 | 44 |
| Child Mortality Rate | 16 | 7 |
| Anaemic (child) | 73.80% | 66.40% |
| Anaemic (women) | 42.60% | 38.00% |
The table below shows the early childhood mortality rates in Punjab by caste, according to NFHS-4 (2015–16).
| Background Characteristics | SC | OBC | Others | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Mortality | 27.0 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 21.2 |
| Post-neonatal Mortality | 12.7 | 3.6 | 5.2 | 8.0 |
| Infant Mortality | 39.6 | 20.5 | 22.4 | 29.2 |
| Child Mortality | 6.5 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 4.1 |
| Under five Mortality | 45.9 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 33.2 |
According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate among Scheduled Castes in Punjab was 64.81%, compared to 75.84% for the whole state. The SC literacy rate of females was 58.39% and 70.66% for male SCs. [33]
The table below shows the Scheduled castes literacy rate in Punjab through the years.
| Year | Percent |
|---|---|
| 2011 | 64.81% |
| 1991 | 41.10% |
| 1981 | 23.86% |
| 1971 | 16.12% |
| 1961 | 9.64% |
The table below gives the literacy rate of Scheduled castes by district, according to the 2011 census. [25] [35] [36] [37]
| Sr. No. | District | SC Percentage | District total | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hoshiarpur | 82.49% | 84.59% | 2.10% |
| 2 | Rupnagar | 78.4% | 82.19% | 3.79% |
| 3 | Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar | 77.72 % | 79.78% | 2.06% |
| 4 | SAS Nagar | 76.1% | 83.80% | 7.70% |
| 5 | Jalandhar | 76.68% | 82.48% | 5.80% |
| 6 | Gurdaspur | 72.89% | 79.95% | 7.06% |
| 7 | Ludhiana | 72.65% | 82.20% | 9.55% |
| 8 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 72.19% | 79.35% | 7.16% |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 71.29% | 79.07% | 7.78% |
| 10 | Patiala | 62.28% | 75.28% | 13% |
| 11 | Amritsar | 59.16% | 76.27% | 17.11% |
| 12 | Sangrur | 57.60% | 67.99% | 10.39% |
| 13 | Moga | 55.23% | 70.68% | 15.45% |
| 14 | Firozpur | 55.38% | 68.92% | 13.54% |
| 15 | Faridkot | 54.91% | 69.55% | 14.64% |
| 16 | Barnala | 54.91% | 67.82% | 12.91% |
| 17 | Bathinda | 53.09% | 68.28% | 15.19% |
| 18 | Tarn Taran | 51.37% | 67.81% | 16.14% |
| 19 | Muktsar | 50.46% | 65.81% | 15.35% |
| 20 | Mansa | 48.72% | 61.83% | 13.11% |
| Punjab | 64.81% | 75.84% | 11.03% |
The table below shows the Scheduled Castes literacy rate of districts of Punjab by gender, as of 2011 census.
| District | Female | Male | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hoshiarpur | 76.84% | 87.96% | 11.12% |
| Rupnagar | 71.37% | 84.86% | 13.49% |
| Jalandhar | 70.97% | 82.03% | 11.06% |
| SBS Nagar | 70.96% | 84.25% | 13.29% |
| SAS Nagar | 69.52% | 81.96% | 12.44% |
| Gurdaspur (including Pathankot) | 66.34% | 78.86% | 12.52% |
| Ludhiana | 65.99% | 78.61% | 12.62% |
| Fatehgarh Sahib | 65.66% | 71.99% | 6.33% |
| Kapurthala | 65.3% | 76.84% | 11.54% |
| Patiala | 54.8% | 68.99% | 14.19% |
| Amritsar | 52.83% | 64.88% | 12.05% |
| Sangrur | 50.81% | 63.65% | 12.84% |
| Moga | 50.14% | 59.75% | 9.01% |
| Barnala | 50.14% | 59.17% | 9.03% |
| Faridkot | 48.54% | 60.62% | 12.08% |
| Firozpur (including Fazilka) | 47.05% | 63.1% | 16.05% |
| Bathinda | 47.01% | 58.57% | 11.56% |
| Tarn Taran | 44.57% | 57.51% | 12.94% |
| Sri Muktsar Sahib | 43.58% | 56.69% | 13.11% |
| Mansa | 43.42% | 53.49% | 10.97% |
| Punjab (whole) | 58.39% | 70.66% | 12.27% |
As of 2023, out of the 117 legislative assembly constituencies in Punjab, 34 are reserved for Scheduled Castes. [41]
The poverty rate of SCs in Punjab was 15.6% in 2011–12, compared to the 8.2% for the whole state. The SC rate of 2011-12 declined from 38.2% in 1993–94, at the rate of 3.1%. Dalits comprise 62.3% of the total number of people living Below Poverty Line (BPL) in Punjab, India. [42]
Despite comprising 31.94% of the Punjab's population, Dalits own only 3.5% of its total land. About 73.33% of the Dalit population lives in villages and is largely landless and faces housing shortages. [43] According to the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, 1964, 33% of the village commons land (shamlaat) is reserved for the Dalits. But in many cases, they have been denied these rights by big landlords with fraudulent means. [44]
In 2019, 166 crimes against Dalits were reported in Punjab, India. This amounted to the rate of 1.9 crimes per 1 Lakh of the Dalit population in the state. This rate was lower than the 22.8 per 1 Lakh Dalit population for the country as a whole. [45]
In March 2023, a 26 year old Dalit female doctor doing her internship at an SGPC-run Medical college in Amritsar died by suicide after allegedly being subjected to caste discrimination and abuse. About 10 people, including 2 and 4 students of Sri Guru Ram Dass Institute of Medical Science and Research at Vallah, were later booked by police under charges of abetment to suicide and under provisions of SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act. According to the victim's mother, the accused allegedly used to make casteist slurs on her and would also used to threaten her that they will not let her complete her MBBS degree. The mother also alleged that they had complained about it to the principal but nothing was done. [46] [47]
The table below shows the number of recorded crimes against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people from 2010 to 2018. [48]
| Year | Murder | Rape | POA Act | Hurt | Kidnapping | Miscellaneous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 13 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 4 | 82 |
| 2017 | 7 | 17 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 58 |
| 2016 | 7 | 16 | 41 | 1 | 3 | 64 |
| 2015 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 5 | 3 | 94 |
| 2014 | 4 | 19 | 16 | 2 | 3 | 79 |
| 2013 | 7 | 22 | 13 | 37 | 8 | 39 |
| 2012 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 21 | 2 | 24 |
| 2011 | 5 | 9 | 24 | 27 | 2 | 22 |
| 2010 | 4 | 18 | 50 | 13 | 0 | 30 |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)The highest SC population, 31.9 per cent of the state's total number, is in Punjab