[[Hadım Şehabeddin]]"},"commander2":{"wt":"[[ĐurađBranković]]
[[Voivode]] Prijezda"},"commander3":{"wt":""},"units1":{"wt":""},"units2":{"wt":""},"units3":{"wt":""},"strength1":{"wt":""},"strength2":{"wt":""},"strength3":{"wt":""},"casualties1":{"wt":"Unknown"},"casualties2":{"wt":"Heavy casualties of the population of Novo Brdo"},"casualties3":{"wt":""},"notes":{"wt":""},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwBA">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}
Siege of Novo Brdo | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and Serbian-Ottoman Wars | |||||||
Remnants of the Novo Brdo Fortress | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate Republic of Ragusa | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Murad II Hadım Şehabeddin | Đurađ Branković Voivode Prijezda | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | Heavy casualties of the population of Novo Brdo |
The siege of Novo Brdo was a military blockade of Novo Brdo, an important fortified mining town in the Serbian Despotate, by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. The siege began in 1440 and lasted until the capture of the fortress on 27 June 1441. During the siege, the Serbian garrison was supported by the local community of citizens of the Republic of Ragusa.
Novo Brdo was one of the largest cities in the Balkans, [1] [2] and because of its rich gold and silver mines it was the most important non-coastal city in the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries. [3] The Ottomans besieged it without success in 1412 and in 1427 [4] using cannons they'd constructed for the 1422 siege of Constantinople. [5]
In 1439 Ottoman forces led by Sultan Murad II attacked the Serbian Despotate. Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković fled to Hungary to seek support for the defense of his realm, organized by his son Grgur. During the siege of Smederevo (the Despotate's capital city) in 1439, Murad II ordered the marcher-lord Ishak-Beg, who was returning from Mecca, to join forces with Hadım Şehabeddin and besiege Novo Brdo.
On 6 August 1439 the Ottoman forces under Ishak-Beg defeated Serbian forces near Novo Brdo. [6] The Ottomans captured Smederevo on 18 August 1439, reducing the territory of the Serbian Despotate to Zeta and a region around Novo Brdo. The forces under Murad II joined Ishak-Beg to attack Novo Brdo, but its garrison successfully repelled their attacks. The Ottomans realized that it would be difficult to capture the well-defended Novo Brdo, so Murad II ordered for retreat and a stay in Skopje during the winter. Before they did so, they robbed caravans of Ragusan merchants, [7] while Murad II went to Adrianople. [8]
The Ottomans allowed Grgur Branković to govern his father's former estates in southern Serbia, as an Ottoman vassal. [9]
In 1440, after the failure at Belgrade, [10] [11] the Ottoman forces commanded by the beylerbey (the Lord of Lords) of Rumelia Eyalet, Hadım Şehabeddin, [12] [13] again besieged Novo Brdo. [6]
The garrisoned Serbian forces were also supported by citizens of the Republic of Ragusa, [14] Ragusa having instructed their subjects in Novo Brdo to help defend the town. Ragusans, who were predominantly merchants, were practically forced to resist the Ottomans because otherwise their property in Novo Brdo would be confiscated, like it was in the case of Ragusan merchants who happened to be outside of the town when the siege began and refused to return to it. [15]
Despot Đurađ Branković and his wife traveled from Hungary to Zeta, accompanied with several hundred cavalry and Albanian vojvoda Petar Spani. [16] They first went to Zagreb, to Đurađ's sister Katarina who was the wife of Ulrich II, Count of Celje. [17] Then Branković arrived at Ragusa (Dubrovnik) at the end of July 1440 and after several days he continued his journey toward his coastal towns of Budva and Bar [18] which became the new capital of the remaining part of his despotate. In the period between 1 July 1440 and his arrival at Bar, the Ottoman forces defeated some military units from Novo Brdo in a battle near Makreš (a village near modern-day Gnjilane). [19] [20]
In August 1440 Branković arrived at Bar where he stayed until the end of the winter 1440–41. [9] There he tried to mobilize forces to recapture the territory of the Serbian Despotate he lost to the Ottomans. [9] At the same time, Branković maintained communication with the garrison in Novo Brdo [21] and his son Grgur, who at the time was an Ottoman governor. That was one of the main reasons why the Ottomans, probably justifiably, accused Grgur of treason and dismissed him from his governorship in April 1441. On 8 May 1441, both Grgur and his brother Stefan were blinded, based on the order of Sultan Murad II. [22] [23] Branković faced another disappointment in Zeta where he found out that the Crnojevići rebelled against vojvoda Komnen, the governor of Zeta. [9] [22] Branković left Zeta in April 1441 [24] and resided in Ragusa for a while. This angered the Ottomans who requested, through their envoy Agub, that Ragusa should hand over Branković. Ragusans refused this request and explained in a letter to Ishak-Beg and Hadım Şehabeddin that Ragusa has not accepted Branković because he was an enemy of the sultan but because it was a free city that accepts anybody who seeks shelter in it. They also emphasized that Branković being in Ragusa is the best guarantee that he would not undertake any action against the Ottomans. [25] Ragusans wanted to send their diplomats to Hadım Şehabeddin and requested his written guarantee for their safe conduct. On 13 June 1441 Hadım Şehabeddin, who was in Vučitrn at the time, issued the requested guarantee to the Ragusans. [25]
During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties. [26] On 27 June 1441 [A] Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town. [27] [11]
Đurađ Branković received the news about the fall of Novo Brdo when he was in Zeta. Stephen Vukčić, who was an Ottoman vassal at that time, used the weak position of the Serbian Despot and tried to capture Zeta. After he successfully penetrated into Zeta highlands, the Venetian Republic captured Zeta's coastal cities and regions based on agreement with Despot Branković that they will protect his possessions from falling under Ottoman control. [28] Branković realized that he lost all of his territory and power base which supplied him with troops necessary to secure his suzerainty, so he moved to his estates in Hungary. Eventually, Zeta fell under control of the local tribes, with the Crnojevići noble family trying to assert their dominance. [9] The Ottomans made significant efforts to again raise Novo Brdo and gave substantial privileges to people who settled in it and worked in its mines [29] while its Serb citizens were awarded with trading privileges. [30] Within the next three years the Ottomans re-established the mint in Novo Brdo [31] which began to strike akçe for the first time. [32]
In 1444, during the Crusader Long Campaign, Novo Brdo was recaptured from the Ottomans and again became a part of the reestablished Serbian Despotate until it finally fell to Ottoman control on 1 June 1455. [1] Among the survivors of the siege was Dimitrije Kantakouzenos. [33] In 1455, the Ottomans forced the besieged to surrender because they used heavy artillery. All men of any distinguished rank or importance were decapitated under orders of sultan Mehmed II. An estimated 320 boys were taken to become janissaries ( devşirme ). Approximately 700 girls and young women were given to Ottoman soldiers and their commanders. [34] The siege and its aftermath were described in Memoirs of a janissary, written in 1490—1501 by Novo Brdo resident Konstantin Mihailović, who was one of the boys taken. In 1455 the last voivode of Serbian despot in Novo Brdo was Lješ Spanović. [35]
Stefan Lazarević, also known as Stefan the Tall, was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389–1402) and despot (1402–1427). He was also a diplomat, legislator, ktetor, patron of the arts, poet and one of the founding members of the Order of the Dragon. The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders of his time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica, until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402.
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The House of Branković is a Serbian medieval noble family and dynasty. According to genealogies created in the first half of the 15th century, the family descends via female lineage, through marriage with the Nemanjić dynasty. The family rose to prominence during the fall of the Serbian Empire. The original family domains were centered in the Kosovo region. Later family members extended their rule over all remaining unconquered regions of Serbia making them the last sovereign rulers of medieval Serbian state. The dynasty ruled the Serbian Despotate from 1427 to 1459 and their descendants continue to claim the throne of the Despotate Serbia, some having entered the ranks of the Hungarian aristocracy, while other descendants of the dynasty continue to go by a courtesy title.
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Grgur Branković was a 15th-century Serbian nobleman. Grgur was the eldest son of Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković and Eirene Kantakouzene. In 1439, after the Ottomans captured Smederevo, the capital of the Serbian Despotate, they appointed Grgur as governor of his father's captured estates. Because he plotted against the Ottomans, they dismissed him and put him in prison in April 1441. In May 1441 the Ottomans blinded Grgur and his brother Stefan. In 1458, during the struggle for the throne of the Serbian Despotate, Grgur resurfaced claiming it for himself or his son. In 1459 he retreated to Hilandar Monastery, where he took monastic vows and the name German (Germanus). Grgur died in Hilandar on October 16, 1459.
Novo Brdo Fortress is a medieval Serbian fortress in Kosovo. Its ruins are located near the town of Novo Brdo, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Pristina. The fortress was built in the late 13th century by king Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia to protect gold, silver, iron and lead mines which were abundant throughout the area. Novo Brdo was famous for its silver. Together with the castles of Prizren, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the southwest, and Prilepac, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to the southeast, which guard access roads to the fortress, Novo Brdo helped form a defensive complex overlooking the lucrative mining operations. Novo Brdo was at its height during the Serbian Despotate (1402–1459), when it was the most important mining area and second most important town in Serbia. A significant number of Saxon miners, Albanian Catholics and a large Ragusan merchant colony lived within the town, which was ruled by a vojvoda, but also a governor (kefalija), because it was the seat of an administrative unit of the Despotate.
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In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the settlement of Novo Brdo, near Pristina, was described as "the largest and finest city in all the Balkans".
Posle toga, uvidevái da ce im biti tesko da osvoje bógate i dobro branjeno Novo Brdo, Turci presreéu karavane Dubravcana i pljaëkaju ih i zauzimaju vazne prilaze ka Novom Brdu. Тек 1440 godine Turci su ponovo napali Novo Brdo i posle ...
Мурат је са осталом војском кренуо у помоћ Исак-бегу под Ново Брдо. Међутим, јуначка посада Новог Брда одолевала ...
Following his unsuccessful attempt on Belgrade in 1440, Murad had taken Novo Brdo with its valuable silver mines in 1441, while Turkish raiding parties plundered as far as Belgrade before being defeated by Hunyadi, who pursued them to ...
Tek 1440 godine Turci su ponovo napali Novo Brdo i posle jednogodisnje opsade uspeli su da ga zauzmu 21 juna 1441 godine ... Posle toga Novo Brdo su opljaökali i popalild.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Şihabeddin Pasha was the commander of the Ottoman armies which conquered Novo Brdo in 1441.
Serbian annals record, in July, 1441, §ihabeddin Pasha captured Novo Brdo, the centre of the silver-mining district of southern Serbia.
In 1441 it participated in the defense of Novo Brdo in Bosnia, the principal source of Serbian silver; and twice it gave asylum to the Serbian Despot George Brankovic when Turkish pressure forced him into exile. In 1444 Dubrovnik's fleet ...
... жене Улриха Целског, а потом у Бар (Зету је jош сачувао од Турака).
Негде између 1-ог јула и доласка Деспотова у Бар Новобpдска се војска тукла с турском код Макреша.
.. и како их је 8. маја ослепио, а потом како је јуна те године Хадом-паша узео Ново Брдо и све српске градове.
The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
The mint at Novo brdo (in Turkish "Novar"), was the first to start striking Ottoman akçe — as early as 1441, when Murad Il's military commander, the eunuch Sibab ed-Din pasa captured the town, which had the greatest silver deposits and the ...
As a child, Dimitrije Kantakuzin experienced the siege of Novo Brdo by the Turks, which lasted for two years after the fall of Smederevo, until 1441. He saw the town fall to the Turks, and the citizens rise up again and resist. And, in 1455, when ...