Sockburn

For Sockburn in New Zealand, see Sockburn, New Zealand.

Sockburn
Sockburn Hall (rebuilt 1834)
Sockburn Location within County Durham
OS grid reference	NZ348075
Civil parish	Neasham
Unitary authority	Darlington
Ceremonial county	Durham
Region	North East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Darlington
Postcode district	DL2
Police	Durham
Fire	County Durham and Darlington
Ambulance	North East
UK Parliament	Sedgefield
List of places UK England County Durham 54°27′42″N1°27′50″W / 54.46173°N 1.46397°W / 54.46173; -1.46397

Sockburn is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Neasham, in the Darlington district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It is situated at the apex of a meander of the River Tees, to the south of Darlington, known locally as the Sockburn Peninsula. Today, all that remains of the village is an early nineteenth-century mansion, a ruined church and a farmhouse built in the late eighteenth century. ^{[lower-alpha 1] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

Sockburn is best known for:

• Important links with Lindisfarne and Celtic Christianity
• The discovery of Viking Age hogbacks.
• The Sockburn Worm , a ferocious wyvern that in folklore laid waste to the village.
• Sockburn Hall, a 19th-century country house and a Grade II listed building.

Governance

Sockburn was once a larger parish. The ancient parish included the townships of Sockburn in County Durham, and Girsby and Over Dinsdale, both on the opposite bank of the River Tees in the North Riding of Yorkshire. ^[6] In 1866 Girsby and Over Dinsdale became separate civil parishes. ^[7] By 1961 the parish had a population of only 32. ^[8] On 1 April 2016 the parish was abolished and merged with Neasham. ^[9]

Name

Name History ^[10]

• Soccabyrig (8th cent.)
• Sochasburgh (8th cent.)
• Socceburg (12th cent.)
• Socceburn (13th cent.)

Toponym

• Socca's fortification ^[11]

• Fortification on tongue of land wedged between two rivers ^{[lower-alpha 2] [1]}

Sockburn : ( Socca..byrig ) (8th cent.) ^[10]

The most likely explanation for the unusual Scottish Gaelic name ( Socca..byrig ) is that it was introduced by Hiberno-Scottish monks when they established a base at Sockburn for Celtic Christianity. ^{[lower-alpha 3]} The local language in use at that time was a mix of Old English and Common Brittonic. ^{[lower-alpha 4]} It would be expected that words might also be borrowed from Cumbric and Scottish Gaelic due to geographic proximity and population movements. ^{[lower-alpha 5]}

The name element ' Socca ' is from Scottish Gaelic ' socach ' ( ” tongue of land (usually steep, wedged between two rivers) ” ). ^{[lower-alpha 6]}

The name element ' byrig ' is from Old English ' burg ' ( ” within a walled enclosure, fort, castle ” ). ^{[lower-alpha 7] [lower-alpha 8]}

History

Celtic christianity

In antiquity, Higbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne was crowned at Sockburn in 780 or 781 and Eanbald, Archbishop of York, in 796.

Estate and church

Further information: All Saints Church, Sockburn

For many centuries the estate was in the hands of the Conyers family. In medieval times Sir John Conyers was said to have slain a dragon or "worm" that was terrorising the district. The stone under which the Sockburn Worm was reputedly buried is (or at least until recently was) still visible, and the falchion with which it was said to have been slain is in Durham Cathedral Treasury. As Sockburn was the most southerly point in the Durham diocese, the sword was ceremonially presented by the Lord of the Manor to each new Bishop of Durham when he entered his diocese for the first time at the local ford or the nearby Croft-on-Tees bridge. This custom died out in the early nineteenth century, but was revived by Bishop Jenkins in 1984, the Mayor of Darlington doing the honours.

The Conyers family died out in the seventeenth century, and their manor house fell into ruin. The estate came into the hands of the Blackett family, industrialists from Newcastle. A new mansion, Sockburn Hall, was built around 1834 for Henry Collingwood Blackett and the church was closed and allowed to become dilapidated, presumably because the occupant wanted a fashionable picturesque ruin in his grounds. A bridge to the south of the house was built in 1836–7, although all that remains today are the abutments. A new church for the locals was built at his expense across the river at Girsby. In about 1870, Henry's widow, Theophania, erected another footbridge some way north of the house, to enable the faithful to access their church without using a ford near the house. ^[14]

The Conyers family of Sockburn continued in America when Edward Conyers, son of Christopher Conyers of Wakerly and Mary Halford, left England on Governor Winthrop's fleet ship Lyons and landed at Salem Harbor on 12 June 1630. Edward Conyers changed his name to Edward Converse. He founded the town of Woburn, Massachusetts, established the first ferry service between Charlestown and Boston, and as organizer of the First Church of Charlestown was called Deacon Edward Converse. His grandson, Samuel Converse, was among the first settlers of Killingly, Connecticut where his house, built in 1712, still stands today.

Art and culture

Lake poets ( Wordsworth, Coleridge )

A new farmhouse was built in the late eighteenth century. In 1799, this was occupied by Tom Hutchinson, who is said to have once bred a seventeen-and-a-half stone sheep, and his sisters Mary and Sara. They were distant relatives of the family of William Wordsworth. He lodged with them for six months in 1799, and eventually married Mary. His friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge also stayed there, and fell in love with Sara, but he was already married; his feeling for Sara found expression in his poem "Love", which contains references to the church and the dragon legend. ^{[lower-alpha 9]}

Lewis Carroll

Another literary association is with Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland . His father was sometime rector at Croft-on-Tees, and it is said^{[ by whom? ]} that the legend of the Sockburn Worm provided the inspiration for his poem Jabberwocky .

Viking age hogbacks

Fenrir, Gosforth Cross, Cumbria

Hogbacks are Viking Age sculptured stones that were designed to be used as grave covers. ^[15] They were generally carved into curved shapes, and sometimes depicted scenes from Norse Mythology.

One of the Hogbacks found at Sockburn may depict Týr ^{[lower-alpha 10]} and the mythological wolf Fenrir . ^{[lower-alpha 11]}

The vast majority of Hogbacks found in England are in the North of England, and of those the most significant finds have been at Brompton-on-Swale (North Yorkshire) and at Sockburn. ^[15]

Hogback discovery in old church

The remains of Sockburn Church (1894).

"The building was in use down to the year 1838, when a new church was built at Girsby on the Yorkshire side of the river. It was then unroofed and allowed to go to ruin, but in 1900 the Conyers chapel was repaired and roofed, the ruins cleared of rubbish, and certain excavations made which led to the discovery of a large number of pre-Conquest stones. Nine fragments of ancient cross-shafts and horizontal grave slabs lay among the ruins before this date, and a complete hog-back in two pieces was at the hall. (fn. 128) No suspicion of pre-Conquest work in the structure itself, however, existed till the year 1891." ^[10]

"The stone effigy of a knight, four brasses and some grave-covers occupy their original positions in the chapel. The effigy belongs apparently to the middle of the 13th century, (fn. 130) and is represented in a suit of mail with sleeveless surcoat. The head rests on a square cushion and the feet on a lion and wyvern in combat." ^{[10] [lower-alpha 12]}

"Other mediaeval fragments preserved in the chapel comprise a portion of a square-headed traceried window, a grave-cover with cross formed of four circles conjoined, portions of three other gravecovers, (fn. 131)" ^[10]

"The chapel also contains the collection of preConquest sculptured stones brought together during the restoration and excavations of 1900. They comprise portions of twenty-two crosses and grave-covers of varied and characteristic design. (fn. 133)" ^[10]

Chronology

Chronology of the Early Medieval Period

Date	Event
c. 634	The monastery of Lindisfarne is founded by Irish monk Saint Aidan.
664	Synod of Whitby is held at Hilda of Whitby's double monastery.
	The Lindisfarne diocese is merged with York by Wilfrid to create a large diocese in the Kingdom of Northumbria.
678	The diocese is reinstated following Wilfrid's banishment from Northumbria
685 - 687	Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne
700 - 750	Start of the Viking Age. [lower-alpha 13]
780	Higbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne is crowned at Sockburn . [lower-alpha 14]
780 - 803	Higbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne
793	Lindisfarne Priory is destroyed during a Viking raid. [lower-alpha 15] [lower-alpha 16]
796	Eanbald, Archbishop of York is crowned at Sockburn .
871 - 899	The reign of Alfred the Great. [lower-alpha 17]

References

Notes

1. MAGiC MaP : Table of Contents
   • Administrative > Parish Boundary (PURPLE LINE)
   • Designations > Scheduled Monuments (ORANGE SHADE)
   • Designations > Listed Buildings (COLOUR SQUARE)
   COLOUR MAPPING
   • OS Colour Mapping
2. Scottish Gaelic ' socach '  : tongue of land (usually steep, wedged between two rivers ) ^[12]
3. See Sockburn > History > Celtic Christianity
4. Old English became the dominant language following the immigration of Anglo-Saxons into England during the Early Middle Ages
5. In a nutshell:
   • Common Brittonic  : P-Celtic of British origin
   • Cumbric  : P-Celtic of Welsh origin
   • Scottish Gaelic  : Q-Celtic of Irish origin
6. Scottish Gaelic ' socach '  : tongue of land (usually steep, wedged between two rivers ) ^[12]
7. Old English byrig is equivalent to Old English burg ^[13]
8. Old English burg : within a walled enclosure, fort, castle ^[13]
9. See Samuel Taylor Coleridge > The West Midlands and the North > " In 1799, Coleridge and the Wordsworths stayed at Thomas Hutchinson's farm "
10. See Týr > Archaeological record
11. See Fenrir > Archaeological record > Other
12. See The Sockburn Worm , a ferocious wyvern that laid waste to the village
13. See Viking Age > Historical context > " It was unlikely that the Lindisfarne attack of 793 was the first attack "
14. " Sockburne has been supposed to be the Saxon Soccabyrig, where Higbald was consecrated Bishop of Lindisfarne in 780 " ^[16]
15. See Lindisfarne > History > Viking raid on the monastery
16. See Viking Age > Historical context > Viking attack of AD 793
17. See Alfred the Great > Chronology

Citations

1. "MAGiC MaP : Sockburn Peninsula". Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
2. "MAGiC MaP : Sockburn Peninsula, Parish Boundary". Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
3. "MAGiC MaP : Sockburn Peninsula, Designations". Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
4. "MAGiC MaP : Sockburn Hall". Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
5. "MAGiC MaP : Roman road crossing of River Tees, Dinsdale park". Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
6. The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868)
7. Vision of Britain website
8. Vision of Britain: Historical Statistics
9. "Darlington Registration District". UKBMD. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
10. Page 1914, pp. 449–454.
11. • "Key to English Place-Names : Sockburn". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
12. • "LearnGaelic : socach". LearnGaelic. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
13. Clark Hall 1916, p. 122.
14. The Northern Echo: Bridge over Troubled Water. Details the history of the building of Girsby Bridge. Accessed 02/05/2016
15. Higham & Ryan 2015, p. 290.
16. Surtees 1823, pp. 243–251.

Sources

Online

• Page, W.H., ed. (1914). Parishes: Sockburn, in A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Victoria County History. British History Online. pp. 449–454.

• Surtees, Robert (1823). 'Parish of Sockburn', in The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham: Volume 3, Stockton and Darlington Wards. British History Online. pp. 243–251. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

Books

• Clark Hall, John R. (1916). A Concise Anglo−Saxon Dictionary, Second Edition. The Macmillan Company.
• Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (2015). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-21613-4.

External links

• Illustrated article about the Conyers Falchion and the Sockburn Worm legend, with bibliography. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  Information and photos of the project to restore Sockburn Hall. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
• The Blacketts of North East England