Solid State Phased Array Radar System

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Coverage of the original PAVE PAWS and BMEWS systems, later upgraded to SSPARS and eventually to UEWR PAVE PAWS&BMEWS.svg
Coverage of the original PAVE PAWS and BMEWS systems, later upgraded to SSPARS and eventually to UEWR
BMEWS solid-state phased-array radar at RAF Fylingdales Radar RAF Fylingdales.jpg
BMEWS solid-state phased-array radar at RAF Fylingdales

The Solid State Phased Array Radar System [1] (SSPARS), colloquially Ballistic Missile Early Warning System radar network (BMEWS radar network), [2] is a United States Space Force radar, computer, and communications system for missile warning and space surveillance. There are SSPARS systems at five sites: Beale Air Force Base, CA, Cape Cod Space Force Station, MA, Clear Space Force Station, AK, RAF Fylingdales, UK, and Pituffik Space Base, Greenland. [3] The system completed replacement of the RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System when the last SSPAR was operational at then-Clear Air Force Station in 2001. [1]

Contents

Classification of radar systems

Under the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code. [4]

The AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) is a series of phased array radar systems used for long-range early warning and space surveillance, operating as part of the United States Missile Defense and Space Surveillance Network.

Thus, the AN/FPS-132 represents the 132nd design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device. [4] [5]

History

The Solid State Phased Array Radar System is a phased array radar with 2500 "solid state transmitter" modules. [6]

It began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New AN/FPS-123 Early Warning Radars became operational in (Beale) and (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building". [7]

In 2001 SSPARS equipment included:

After the Fylingdales BMEWS radars had been replaced by Raytheon/Cossor AeroSpace and Control Data Corporation (embedded CDC-Cyber computer) at a cost of US $100M,[ citation needed ] in February 1995 the "missile warning center at Cheyenne Mountain AS [was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program". [15] The entire SSPARS became operational on January 31, 2001 when the "SSPARS Site" [16] at Clear AFS (separate from the BMEWS site) had Initial Operational Capability. [17] The Clear AN/FPS-120 was subsequently "upgraded to the AN/FPS-123 model" SSPA Radar, [18] and the SSPARS was modified in the Early Warning Radar Service Life Extension Program [1] The US approved sale of an[ which? ] AN/FPS-115 to Taiwan in 2000 [19] and it was introduced in 2006. [20]

The UK and Alaska BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective Raytheon AN/FPS-126 radar [21] and 2001 Raytheon AN/FPS-120 became operational. [22] In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference, [23] and AN/FPS-123s were part of the Air Force Space Surveillance System by 2009. [24] BAE Systems began a 2007 contract for SSPARS maintenance. [25] The SSPARS radar electronics was subsequently upgraded, e.g., the Beale radar [19] and the Fylingdales FPS-126 each became an AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) [26] by Raytheon. [27] The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Raytheon AN/FPS-132 (UEWR) with capabilities to operate in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included "Avionics", "T/R modules", [28] "FEX/TTG", "BSG", "Signal Processor", and other changes. [29] After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and the UK (contracted 2003), [30] a 2012 ESD/XRX Request for Information for replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued. [31] The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012 [32] and the Cape Cod installation in 2013. [19]

The AN/FPS-132 Block-5 was ordered by the Qatar Emiri Air Force, and is in construction. [33]

System overview

External image
Searchtool.svg AN/FPS-132 UEWR

Locations

Active:

Planned:

Related Research Articles

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PAVE is a United States Air Force program identifier relating to electronic systems. Prior to 1979, Pave was said to be a code word for the Air Force unit responsible for the project. Pave was used as an inconsequential prefix identifier for a wide range of different programs, though backronyms and alternative meanings have been used. For example, in the helicopters Pave Low and Pave Hawk it was said to mean Precision Avionics Vectoring Equipment, but in PAVE PAWS it was said to mean Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PAVE PAWS</span> Early warning radar

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ballistic Missile Early Warning System</span> US Cold War Early Warning Radar for ballistic missile defense

The RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System was a United States Air Force Cold War early warning radar, computer, and communications system, for ballistic missile detection. The network of twelve radars, which was constructed beginning in 1958 and became operational in 1961, was built to detect a mass ballistic missile attack launched on northern approaches [for] 15 to 25 minutes' warning time also provided Project Space Track satellite data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active electronically scanned array</span> Type of phased array radar

An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna. In the AESA, each antenna element is connected to a small solid-state transmit/receive module (TRM) under the control of a computer, which performs the functions of a transmitter and/or receiver for the antenna. This contrasts with a passive electronically scanned array (PESA), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter and/or receiver through phase shifters under the control of the computer. AESA's main use is in radar, and these are known as active phased array radar (APAR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RAF Fylingdales</span> Royal Air Force base in Yorkshire, England

Royal Air Force Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is Vigilamus. It is a radar base and is also part of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). As part of intelligence-sharing arrangements between the United States and United Kingdom, data collected at RAF Fylingdales are shared between the two countries. Its primary purpose is to give the British and US governments warning of an impending ballistic missile attack. A secondary role is the detection and tracking of orbiting objects; Fylingdales is part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. As well as its early-warning and space-tracking roles, Fylingdales has a third function – the Satellite Warning Service for the UK. It keeps track of spy satellites used by other countries, so that secret activities in the UK can be carried out when they are not overhead. The armed services, defence manufacturers and research organisations, including universities, take advantage of this facility.

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The AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE is a PESA phased array radar installation operated by Raytheon for the United States Space Force at Eareckson Air Station on the island of Shemya, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The system was built in 1976 and brought online in 1977 for the primary mission of gathering intelligence about Russia's ICBM program in support of verification of the SALT II arms limitation treaty. Its single face 29 m (95 ft) diameter phased array radar antenna 52.7373°N 174.0914°E faces the Kamchatka Peninsula and Russia's Kura Test Range. COBRA DANE operates in the 1215–1400 MHz band and can track items as small as a basketball sized drone at distances of several hundred miles.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape Cod Space Force Station</span> US Space Force station in Massachusetts

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Chapman, Bert (2008). Space Warfare and Defense: A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide (Google books). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   978-1-59884-006-3 . Retrieved 2014-03-13. BMEWS was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) in 2001.
  2. ↑ Carter, Austin; Mattorano, Gino, eds. (2004). Space Command Almanac 2004-2005 (PDF) (Report). HQ AFSPACECOMM Public Affairs.
  3. ↑ "Operations, Maintenance and Support for the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) at 5 Geographically Separated Units WorldWide". FedBizOpps.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  4. 1 2 Avionics Department (2013). "Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations". Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook (PDF) (4 ed.). Point Mugu, California: Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division. pp. 2–8.1.
  5. ↑ Winkler, David F. (1997). "Radar Systems Classification Methods". Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (PDF). Langley AFB, Virginia: United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command. p. 73. LCCN   97020912.
  6. ↑ http://www.geo.uzh.ch/microsite/rsl-documents/research/SARlab/GMTILiterature/PDF/Skolnik90.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  7. ↑ Photographs [and] Written Historical and Descriptive Data: Cape Cod Air Station Technical Facility/Scanner Building and Power Plant (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2014-06-10. Technical Facility/Scanner Building (HAER No. MA-151-A), which houses the AN/FPS-1152 radar and related equipment… PAVE PAWS Site 1 … AN/FSS-7…designed by Avco Electronics Division… The first two PAVE PAWS sites in Massachusetts and California represented the first two-faced phased array radars deployed by the U.S.
  8. ↑ Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2014-03-13. AN/FPS-49 has a traditional azimuth bearing assembly (race and steel balls) while the AN/FPS-92 has a hydrostatic bearing (antenna floats on a high pressure film of hydraulic fluid). AN/FPQ-16 Radar Set, Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System - PARCS: PARCS is a single faced phased array radar system consisting of AN/FPQ-16 radar and an AN/FSQ-100 computer system located at Cavalier AFS, ND. The primary mission of the PARCS is to provide the CMC with TW/AA data on all SLBMs penetrating the coverage area. ... FORCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS) PROVIDES THE CONUS NORAD REGION COMMANDER WITH TIME SENSITIVE INFORMATION
  9. ↑ Pike, John. "AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS Radar".
  10. ↑ "Clear Upgrade (U)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  11. ↑ Stocker, Jeremy (2004). Gray, Colin S.; Murray, Williamson (eds.). Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence 1942-2002 (PDF). Frank Cass. ISBN   0-203-30963-4. ISSN   1473-6403 . Retrieved 2014-03-09. in March 1963 an Air Ministry review of ABM systems said of MIDAS that 'performance to date has been disappointing'.78 … A teletype circuit was established between NORAD and the ADOC in Britain to pass information derived from Site 1 at Thule.95 This was supplemented by a voice circuit with agreed formatted messages, and both were operational by October 1960. … AN/FPS-49 Range resolution 240 nm Maximum range 2,650 nm Minimum target at 1,650 m 2.8 m2 Impact accuracy North America 135 nm
  12. 1 2 Pike, John. "Clear AFS".
  13. ↑ "Eldorado AFS Dedication - 1987".
  14. ↑ "AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased-Array System [SSPARS]: Clear Radar Upgrade". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  15. ↑ Orban, SSgt. Brian (February 1995). "The trip wire". Guardian. Air Force Space Command. p. 6. North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Space Command command center. ... For more than 30 years, the crews operating the missile warning center inside Cheyenne Mountain have maintained an early warning trip line [for] incoming ballistic missiles
  16. ↑ "Clear Air Force Station, Alaska".
  17. ↑ "Clear AFS, AK". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
  18. ↑ "AN/FPS-115, AN/FPS-120, AN/FPS-123, AN/FPS-126".
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-12. Retrieved 2014-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ "US radar system a waste of money for Taiwan: Magazine｜Politics｜News｜WantChinaTimes.com". Archived from the original on 2014-09-07. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  21. ↑ "AN/FPS-115, AN/FPS-120, AN/FPS-123, AN/FPS-126". Radomes.org. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  22. ↑ "Raytheon completes upgrades to BMEWS radar in Alaska - 16 Mar 2001". Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  23. ↑ "W5YI". w5yi.org.
  24. ↑ Chatters, Maj Edward P IV; Crothers, Maj Brian J. (2009). "Chapter 19: Space Surveillance Network" (PDF). AU-18 Space Primer (PDF). Air University. p. 252. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2014-06-06. Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Weapons System (PAVE PAWS)
  25. ↑ "BAE Systems To Continue Maintaining SSPARS Radar Network for U.S. Air Force - SpaceNews.com". 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014.
  26. ↑ "U.S. to Sell Large Early Warning Radar to Qatar (August 7, 2013) (corrected February 10, 2014)". 7 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Fylingdales". Raytheon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
  28. ↑ "Avionics Magazine :: Northrop Grumman Sets T/R Module Standard".
  29. ↑ "ALERT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-13.
  30. ↑ http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/CCAFS%20Tri-fold%20Brochure_10Jan08.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  31. ↑ PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS Radar Systems (Solicitation), FedBizOpps.gov, January 23, 2012, retrieved 2014-06-11, The PAVE PAWS and BMEWS Beam Steering Unit (BSU), Receiver Exciter (REX), Receiver Beam Former (RBF), Array Group Driver (AGD), Radio Frequency Monitor (RFM), Frequency Time Standard (FTS), and the Corporate Feed (CFD) were built for these five radars in the late 1970s and were upgraded in the 1980s. … The PARCS Signal Processing Group (SPG) has received only "band-aid" fixes since the site's Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 1975
  32. ↑ "PAVE PAWS Radar Upgrades: Clear AFS Goes from Warning to BMD Targeting".
  33. ↑ "Qatar - AN/FPS-132 Block 5 Early Warning Radar | Defense Security Cooperation Agency". www.dsca.mil. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  34. ↑ Qatar long-range radar purchase moves forward, Jeremy Burnie, Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 December 2016, accessed 2017-01-11

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