Space Surveillance Telescope

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Space Surveillance Telescope
SST in Australia.png
Space Surveillance Telescope
Alternative namesSST OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Location(s) Exmouth, Western Australia, AUS
Coordinates 21°53′44″S114°05′24″E / 21.89566938°S 114.08989072°E / -21.89566938; 114.08989072 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Observatory code G45   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
First light 2011, 2020  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Telescope style optical telescope   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Diameter3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Australia relief map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Location of Space Surveillance Telescope
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The Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) is a Southern Hemisphere-based U.S. Space Force telescope used for detecting, tracking, and cataloguing satellites, near-Earth objects, and space debris. [1]

Contents

In 2011, SST achieved first light at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, United States. In 2017, the SST was dismantled and moved to the Harold E. Holt Naval Communication Station, Exmouth, Western Australia [2] [3] to a site with an altitude of around 65 metres (213 ft). From there it began observing the Southern Celestial Hemisphere and collecting data for the US Space Surveillance Network. The repositioned SST achieved first light in Australia on March 5, 2020. [4] The SST entered initial operational capability on October 4, 2022 [5] and is operated by the Royal Australian Air Force, 1 Remote Sensor Unit under the command and control (C2) of the U.S. Space Force. [3] [6] [7] [8]

Purpose

The SST primarily enables the military to track and identify objects and threats in space including space debris, as well as predict and avoid potential collisions. [9] Whether it is space traffic management or the protection of critical space-based capabilities, SST maintains real-time awareness of the space domain of both the U.S. and Australia. [10] The discovery and tracking of space debris is a growing problem. Among the 20-30 thousand large objects in orbit that are tracked, an estimated 100 million objects some as small as paint flecks are harder to track than the larger objects, but large enough to shield against if they collide with a space asset. [11] Paint flecks are known to cause damage mainly due to the extreme velocity that they travel in orbit. [11] In other words, there are objects too big to easily shield against, but too small to track. [11] Another concern is the Kessler syndrome, a chain reaction of collisions, creating far more space debris dangerous to working satellites. [12] Another concern are near-Earth asteroids, that the SST also tracks as part of its mission. [13]

Debris-GEO1280.jpg
A computer-generated image representing space debris as could be seen from high Earth orbit. The two main debris fields are the ring of objects in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) and the cloud of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO).
Space Surveillance Telescope The Space Surveillance Telescope program DARPA.jpg
Space Surveillance Telescope

Design

The SST was sponsored by DARPA and designed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory.

SST has a 3.5 meter (138″) aperture mirror. [14] [15] [16] Two noted design features include a Mersenne-Schmidt type optics and curved CCD. [17] The large curved focal surface array sensors are considered to be an innovative design. It encompasses improvements in detection sensitivity, has short focal length, wide field of view, and improvements in step-and-settle abilities. [note 1]

SST detects, tracks, and can discern small, obscure objects, in deep space with a "wide field of view system". It is a single telescope with the dual abilities. First the telescope is sensitive enough to allow for detection, also, of small, dimly lit objects (low reflectivity). Second it is capable of quickly searching the visible sky. This combination is a difficult achievement in a single telescope design. [18] [19]

It is a Mersenne-Schmidt design with an F/1.0 aperture and a 3.5 meter primary mirror. It uses an array of charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, arranged on a curved focal plane array. The SST mount uses an advanced servo-control technology, that makes it one of the quickest and most agile telescopes of its size. It has a field of view of 6 square degrees and can scan the visible sky at night on clear nights down to apparent magnitude 20.5. These features allow the system to conduct multiple searches throughout the night, including the entire geostationary belt within its field.

As a telescope system, it can give precise locations of discovered objects, extrapolate the courses of individual objects and determine their stability. [18] [19] [20]

The SST is notable in the number of observations it makes and is currently listed by the Minor Planet Center as the world record holder for making the most observations in a single year. In 2015 it made a record 6.97 million observations, significantly more than any other telescope, including Pan-STARRS which is currently in second place, having recorded 5.25 million observations in its best year so far (2014). [21]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ https://www.spacebasedelta1.spaceforce.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/2286483/space-delta-2-space-domain-awareness-sda/
  2. ↑ "U.S. Air Force takes control of the Space Surveillance Telescope ahead of Australian move". Digital Trends. 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  3. 1 2 Erwin, Sandra (2020-04-23). "U.S. Space Force deploying surveillance telescope in Australia". SpaceNews . Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  4. ↑ "The Space Surveillance Telescope in Western Australia captures its first image | MIT Lincoln Laboratory". www.ll.mit.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  5. ↑ "US Space Force's new telescope will detect and track faint objects in deep space". 4 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Exmouth telescope facility takes next step". The West Australian. 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  7. ↑ "CASG takes over space surveillance telescope - Australian Defence Magazine". www.australiandefence.com.au. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  8. ↑ Defence, Department of (2021-07-07). "Keeping an eye on space traffic". news.defence.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  9. ↑ Defence, Department of (2020-04-24). "Space Surveillance Telescope captures first images of space". www.minister.defence.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  10. ↑ "Space Surveillance Telescope Sees First Light: through US & Australian Partnership". United States Space Force. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  11. 1 2 3 "Space agencies join forces to tackle problem of small debris in low Earth orbit". 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  12. ↑ "Space Junk Could Cause Catastrophic Satellite Collisions, Making Space Travel Impossible". International Business Times. 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  13. ↑ Davenport, Christian. "Pentagon's new telescope is designed to track space junk, watch out for asteroids". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  14. ↑ "Space Surveillance Telescope to Provide Enhanced View of Deep Space" (Press release). DARPA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  15. ↑ Dickey Zakaib, Gwyneth (2011). "Telescope will track space junk". Nature . doi: 10.1038/news.2011.254 . Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  16. ↑ Ackermann, Mark R.; McGraw, John T. "Large-Aperture, Three-Mirror Telescopes for Near-Earth Space Surveillance: A Look from the Outside In" (PDF).
  17. ↑ Report, Science World (2013-12-09). "New Space Surveillance Telescope Set to Locate Space Debris From Australia". Science World Report. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  18. 1 2 Pike, John (2010). "Space Surveillance Telescope" (Basic overview). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  19. 1 2 Major Travis Blake, Ph.D., USAF, Program Manager (2010). "Space Surveillance Telescope (SST)" (Public Domain see Notes section). DARPA . Retrieved 2010-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ "SST Australia: Signed, Sealed and Ready for Delivery" (Press release). DARPA. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  21. ↑ "Residuals". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Uniion. Retrieved 22 October 2018.

Notes

  1. ↑ DARPA Privacy and Security notice #2: Except where otherwise noted, information presented on the DARPA Web Information Service is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credits is requested.
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