Somatics

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Somatic educator Moshe Feldenkrais in 1978, teaching how to rise from a chair Moshe Feldenkrais Demonstrates Functional Integration.png
Somatic educator Moshe Feldenkrais in 1978, teaching how to rise from a chair

Somatics is a field within bodywork and movement studies which emphasizes internal physical perception and experience. The term is used in movement therapy to signify approaches based on the soma, or "the body as perceived from within", [1] [2] including Skinner Releasing Technique, Alexander technique, the Feldenkrais Method, Eutony, Rolfing Structural Integration, among others. [3] In dance, the term refers to techniques based on the dancer's internal sensation, in contrast with "performative techniques", such as ballet or modern dance, which emphasize the external observation of movement by an audience. [4] [5] Somatic techniques may be used in bodywork, psychotherapy, dance, or spiritual practices.

Contents

History

Mary Wigman, who studied with Rudolf von Laban, was among the choreographers whose body-centric innovations influenced the early development of somatics. Mary Wigman.gif
Mary Wigman, who studied with Rudolf von Laban, was among the choreographers whose body-centric innovations influenced the early development of somatics.

An early precursor of the somatic movement in Western culture was the 19th-century physical culture movement. This movement sought to integrate movement practices, or "gymnastics", related to military and athletic training; medical treatment; and dance. [7] Many physical culture practices were brought to the US. [8] One particular American innovator, Genevieve Stebbins, developed her own physical culture system. [9] Some of Stebbins's many followers returned to Europe; one of these trained Elsa Gindler, who is recognized as one of the earliest somatic innovators. [10] [11] [12]

Many further foundational developments in somatics have been traced to the turn of the twentieth century. [6] At that time, the increased popularity of phenomenology and existentialism in philosophy led philosophers such as John Dewey and Rudolf Steiner to advocate experiential learning. Meanwhile, choreographers such as Isadora Duncan, Rudolf von Laban, and Margaret H'Doubler challenged traditional European conceptions of dance, introducing newly expressive and open-ended movement paradigms. Together, these movements set the stage for the first generation of "somatic pioneers", which included Frederick Matthias Alexander, Moshe Feldenkrais, Mabel Elsworth Todd, [13] Gerda Alexander,Ida Rolf, [14] Milton Trager, [15] Irmgard Bartenieff, and Charlotte Selver. These pioneers were active, primarily in Europe, throughout the early twentieth century. [6] Primarily motivated by movement-related injuries of their own, they introduced a variety of techniques intended to help recover from and prevent injury, as well as to enhance physical awareness. [16]

Throughout the twentieth century, this founding generation's practices were codified and passed on by their students, some of whom, including Anna Halprin, Elaine Summers, Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen, [6] and Lulu Sweigard, went on to establish their own influential schools or styles. [17] In the 1970s, American philosopher and movement therapist Thomas Hanna introduced the term "somatics" to describe these related experiential practices collectively. [6] [18]

Towards the end of the century, a trend of "cross-fertilization" emerged, with practitioners combining different "lineages" to form idiosyncratic styles. [16] In recent decades, the field of somatics has grown to include dance forms like contact improvisation and Skinner Releasing Technique, and has been used in occupational therapy, clinical psychology, and education. [18]

Movement disciplines

Traditional practices

Yoga combines physical and mental exercises Stickney Brook Yoga 272.jpg
Yoga combines physical and mental exercises

Many traditional Asian movement disciplines influenced the Western somatic practices that emerged in the twentieth century. [18] Aside from prayer, the oldest and most widely practiced somatic discipline is yoga, but many others exist. [19]

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices which originated in modern-day India before 500 BCE. [20] The ultimate goals of yoga are spiritual, [21] and yoga practice generally involves physically assuming and moving through codified asanas or body positions. Yoga physiology describes a system of interconnected bodies, having different but interrelated physical and spiritual properties. [22] The concept of energy flow through corporal channels reappears in other somatic forms, including contact improvisation and Qigong. [23] [24]

Qigong and tai chi are traditional Chinese movement practices that can serve to support somatic practice. They typically involve moving meditation, coordinating slow flowing movement, deep rhythmic breathing, and calm meditative state of mind. They claim to balance and cultivate qi, translated as "life energy". [15] [25] Aikido is a Japanese martial art that includes internal awareness and an emotional state of non-aggression; some styles emphasize this with separate "ki development" training. [15] [26]

Exercise practices

The Pilates method was originally developed as a somatic form of physical fitness conditioning in the early 1920s. [27] However, most contemporary forms of Pilates focus on correct physical technique more than proprioceptive awareness. [28] The method's founder, Joseph Pilates, emphasized the somatic principles of mind-body connection, tracking of proprioceptive observations, and attention to breath. [27] [28]

Dance

Contact improvisation is a somatic style of postmodern dance CIJam.jpg
Contact improvisation is a somatic style of postmodern dance

All forms of dance demand the dancer's close attention to proprioceptive information about the position and motion of each part of the body, [29] [30] but "somatic movement" in dance refers more specifically to techniques whose primary focus is the dancer's personal, physical experience, rather than the audience's visual one. [5] [4] Somatics has been incorporated into dance communities around the world, with variations from country to country due to the history of the field's local introduction as well as broader cultural differences. [16]

Genres

Several dance techniques are considered somatic forms. Contact improvisation is a somatic genre developed by Steve Paxton and others in the 1970s, which consists of two or more dancers responding organically to the physical sensations generated by their mutual contact. Contact improvisation can be performed for an audience, but is not designed to have any particular visual impact. [31]

Ruth Zaporah's Action Theater, developed in the 1970s and 1980s, is an improvisational performance technique based on "'embodied presence', a state of awareness in which performers maintain conscious contact with their somatic experience", according to dance scholar Susanna Morrow. [32]

Education

Some dance educators use somatic principles and training, especially Laban Movement Analysis, Ideokinesis, Alexander, and Feldenkrais, in performative technique classes. [33] [34] These practices are used to train dancers' proprioceptive skills and to adjust alignment, and are claimed to reduce the risk of injury. [33] [35] [36]

Somatic teaching practices are those which build students' awareness of their external environments and internal sensations while dancing. These practices may include making corrections with touch, in addition to verbal instructions; focusing on energy and process, instead of the physical shapes they produce; and deliberately relaxing habitually-overused muscles. [37] Warwick Long claims that using somatics in dance training, by strengthening dancers' knowledge of the soma, makes their technique more "intrinsic, internal and personalised". He claims the direct self-knowledge somatics offers is valuable for today's professional dancers, who are increasingly asked to work outside the structures of canonically codified techniques such as ballet or Graham technique. [38]

Alternative medicine

Several forms of alternative medicine consider sensory experience of the body important.

The Alexander technique, an early example of such a practice, was developed by Frederick Matthias Alexander, an actor, in the 1890s. [39] It is an educational somatic technique intended to undo students' habits of using unnecessary tension in movement. [15] [40]

The Feldenkrais Method is a somatic movement pedagogy developed by Moshé Feldenkrais, inspired in part by the Alexander Technique. It claims to improve well-being by bringing attention to movement patterns which proponents claim are inefficient or unnecessarily tense and replacing them with other patterns. [15] [41]

Structural Integration, including Rolfing and Hellerwork, uses bodywork, mindfulness, and movement retraining as tools for somatic education. Practitioners claim to make both the body and mind more adaptable and resilient, by improving "alignment" and movement. [42] [43]

Trager uses gentle bodywork and relaxed exercises called Mentastics to explore sensation and effortlessness in movement. Practitioners enter a meditative state and attempt to physically communicate a sense of lightness, curiosity, and playfulness via the practitioner's contact. Mentastics is an exploration of body weight in gravity. [44]

Some alternative medicine practitioners who work with mental health have a somatic focus. For example, in somatic experiencing, clients learn to monitor internal sensations. [45]

Spiritual practices

Spiritual discourse within the field of somatics tends to reject monotheistic systems which locate spiritual authority in an external hierarchy, instead sacralizing the direct perception of an internal "life force". [46] Although not strongly aligned with any particular spiritual tradition, somatics literature generally views Christianity and other monotheistic religions unfavorably and favors an eclectic mix of non-Western approaches to the sacred, including those of Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, and various kinds of Shamanism. [46]

Some spiritual practices, such as Sufi whirling and Buddhist walking meditation, are particularly associated with somatics. [26] [47] Spirituality is a component of the work of Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen, a leader in contemporary somatics who incorporates elements of Zen Buddhism with modern dance and Laban Movement Analysis. [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Feldenkrais Method (FM) is a type of movement therapy devised by Israeli Moshé Feldenkrais (1904–1984) during the mid-20th century. The method is claimed to reorganize connections between the brain and body and so improve body movement and psychological state.

In dance, release technique is any of various dance techniques that focus on breathing, muscle relaxation, anatomical considerations, and the use of gravity and momentum to facilitate efficient movement. It can be found in modern and postmodern dance, and has been influenced by the work of modern dance pioneers, therapeutic movement techniques such as Skinner Releasing Technique, Feldenkrais and Alexander Technique, and yoga and martial arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilates</span> Physical fitness system

Pilates is a type of mind-body exercise developed in the early 20th century by German physical trainer Joseph Pilates, after whom it was named. Pilates called his method "Contrology". It is practiced worldwide, especially in developed countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, South Korea, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Pilates uses a combination of around 50 repetitive exercises to spur muscle exertion. Each exercise flows from the "five essentials": breath, cervical alignment, rib and scapular stabilization, pelvic mobility, and utilization of the transversus abdominis. Each exercise is typically repeated three to five times. As of 2023, over 12 million people practice Pilates.

Mind–body interventions (MBI) or mind-body training (MBT) are health and fitness interventions that are intended to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and Pilates.

Process-oriented psychology, also called process work, is a depth psychology theory and set of techniques developed by Arnold Mindell and associated with transpersonal psychology, somatic psychology and post-Jungian psychology. Process oriented psychology has been applied in contexts including individual therapy and working with groups and organisations. It is known for extending dream analysis to body experiences and for applying psychology to world issues including socioeconomic disparities, diversity issues, social conflict and leadership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yoga nidra</span> State of consciousness between waking and sleeping induced by a guided meditation

Yoga nidra or yogic sleep in modern usage is a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping, typically induced by a guided meditation.

A relaxation technique is any method, process, procedure, or activity that helps a person to relax; attain a state of increased calmness; or otherwise reduce levels of pain, anxiety, stress or anger. Relaxation techniques are often employed as one element of a wider stress management program and can decrease muscle tension, lower blood pressure, and slow heart and breath rates, among other health benefits.

Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a form of alternative therapy aimed at treating trauma and stress-related disorders, such as PTSD. The primary goal of SE is to modify the trauma-related stress response through bottom-up processing. The client's attention is directed toward internal sensations,, rather than to cognitive or emotional experiences. The method was developed by Peter A. Levine.

Body psychotherapy, also called body-oriented psychotherapy, is an approach to psychotherapy which applies basic principles of somatic psychology. It originated in the work of Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and particularly Wilhelm Reich who developed it as vegetotherapy. Branches also were developed by Alexander Lowen, and John Pierrakos, both patients and students of Reich, like Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy and Gerda Boyesen.

Somatic psychology or, more precisely, "somatic clinical psychotherapy" is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on somatic experience, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to the body. It seeks to explore and heal mental and physical injury and trauma through body awareness and movement. Wilhelm Reich was first to try to develop a clear psychodynamic approach that included the body.

Elsa Gindler was a somatic bodywork pioneer in Germany.

Dance science is the scientific study of dance and dancers, as well as the practical application of scientific principles to dance. Its aims are the enhancement of performance, the reduction of injury, and the improvement of well-being and health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Authentic Movement</span> A form of expressive movement therapy

Authentic Movement (AM) is a form of expressive movement therapy which grew out of an inner-directed approach to movement developed by Mary Starks Whitehouse. It was described as unpremeditated, genuine, or "authentic." Whitehouse called her work "Movement-in-depth." Janet Adler developed this approach into a practice involving a mover and a witness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qigong</span> Chinese system of coordinated posture and movement, breathing, and meditation

Qigong is a system of coordinated body-posture and movement, breathing, and meditation said to be useful for the purposes of health, spirituality, and martial arts training. With roots in Chinese medicine, philosophy, and martial arts, qigong is traditionally viewed by the Chinese and throughout Asia as a practice to cultivate and balance the mythical life-force qi.

Ideokinesis is an approach to improving posture, alignment, and fluency of movement through structured guided imagery that uses metaphors, such as visualizing an object moving in a specific direction along various muscle groups throughout the body, while lying completely still. Proponents claim that repeated practice of this particular formula of mental imagery translates to improved coordination in dance and in movement in general "based on the idea that imagery can improve skeletal alignment and posture through the re-patterning of neuromuscular pathways in the absence of overt movement". Although there is some evidence that rehearsal-style mental imagery may benefit performance in sports, there is currently insufficient data to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of metaphorical imagery as only personal and experimental research has been conducted on ideokinesis and there are reasons to believe it may be contraindicated as a relaxation technique.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genevieve Stebbins</span> American actress

Genevieve Stebbins was an American author, teacher of her system of Harmonic Gymnastics and performer of the Delsarte system of expression. She published four books and was the founder of the New York School of Expression.

<i>Zouhuorumo</i> Psychological condition related to qigong

Zouhuorumo refers to psychosomatic issues that can arise from excessive practice of self-cultivation techniques In Chinese culture, this concept traditionally signifies a disturbance or problem that occurs during spiritual or martial arts training. Within the qigong and traditional Chinese medical communities, zouhuorumo describes a physiological or psychological disorder believed to stem from the combination of a underlying predisposition and improper practice of these techniques. The term gained prominence in the 1980s and 1990s during the widespread popularity of qigong in China, called qigong fever. In Buddhist and Daoist circles, zouhuorumo is also used to describe individuals who engage in esoteric teachings, techniques, or meditations without possessing good character, established discipline, or proper guidance from a teacher.

Trauma-sensitive yoga is yoga as exercise, adapted from 2002 onwards for work with individuals affected by psychological trauma. Its goal is to help trauma survivors to develop a greater sense of mind-body connection, to ease their physiological experiences of trauma, to gain a greater sense of ownership over their bodies, and to augment their overall well-being. However, a 2019 systematic review found that the studies to date were not sufficiently robustly designed to provide strong evidence of yoga's effectiveness as a therapy; it called for further research.

Thomas Louis Hanna was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976. He called his work Hanna Somatic Education. He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia. He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Hanna, Thomas (1986). "What is Somatics?". Somatics: Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  2. ↑ Mullan, Kelly (2012-08-31). "The Art and Science of Somatics: Theory, History and Scientific Foundations". MALS Final Projects, 1995-2019.
  3. ↑ Bresler, L. (2007). International Handbook of Research in Arts Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer Netherlands. p. 1120. ISBN   978-1-4020-2998-1 . Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  4. 1 2 Williamson, A.; Batson, G.; Whatley, S.; Weber, R. (2015). Dance, Somatics and Spiritualities: Contemporary Sacred Narratives. Intellect. p. 252. ISBN   978-1-78320-178-5 . Retrieved 16 June 2016. Somatic Movement is: (a) movement structured around perceptual phenomena, and (b) movement interpreted through perceptual phenomena.
  5. 1 2 Brodie, J.A.; Lobel, E.E. (2012). Dance and Somatics: Mind-Body Principles of Teaching and Performance. McFarland & Company. p. 6. ISBN   978-0-7864-8958-9 . Retrieved 16 June 2016. The focus is on the individual experience: how we feel as opposed to how others perceive or how we think we are being perceived.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Eddy, Martha (2009). "A brief history of somatic practices and dance: historical development of the field of somatic education and its relationship to dance" (PDF). Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices. 1 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1386/jdsp.1.1.5_1 . Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Mullan, Kelly Jean (2014-10-02). "Somatics: Investigating the common ground of western body–mind disciplines" . Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy. 9 (4): 253–265. doi:10.1080/17432979.2014.946092. ISSN   1743-2979. S2CID   143813800.
  8. ↑ Mullan, Kelly. (2016). "European Antecedents to Somatic Movement." Chapter in Mindful Movement: The Evolution of the Somatic Arts and Conscious Action, ed. Martha Eddy.
  9. ↑ Mullan, Kelly (2016) "Harmonic Gymnastics and Somatics: A Genealogy of Ideas." Currents: Journal of the Body-Mind Centering Association, 19:1, 16-28.
  10. ↑ Mullan, Kelly Jean (2017-09-01). "Somatics herstories: Tracing Elsa Gindler's educational antecedents Hade Kallmeyer and Genevieve Stebbins" . Journal of Dance & Somatic Practices. 9 (2): 159–178. doi:10.1386/jdsp.9.2.159_1. ISSN   1757-1871.
  11. ↑ Speads, Carola; Speads, Carola H. (April 1992). Ways to Better Breathing. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN   978-0-89281-397-1.
  12. ↑ Geuter, Ulfried; Heller, Michael C.; Weaver, Judyth O. (2010). "Elsa Gindler and her influence on Wilhelm Reich and Body Psychotherapy". Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy. 5 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1080/17432971003620113. S2CID   143759167.
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  14. ↑ Claire, Thomas (1995). Bodywork: What Type of Massage to Get and How to Make the Most of It . William Morrow and Co. pp.  40–56. ISBN   9781591202325.
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  16. 1 2 3 Fortin, Sylvie (2002). "Living in Movement: Development of Somatic Practices in Different Cultures". Journal of Dance Education. 2 (4): 128–136. doi:10.1080/15290824.2002.10387221. S2CID   145229309.
  17. ↑ Franklin, Eric. (1996). Dynamic Alignment Through Imagery. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-87322-475-8.
  18. 1 2 3 Allison, N. (1999). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-mind Disciplines . Gale virtual reference library. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-8239-2546-9 . Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  19. ↑ Eleanor Criswell (2011). "Somatics and Surface Electromyography". In Cram, James (ed.). Cram's Introduction to Surface Electromyography. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 193. ISBN   9780763732745 . Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-69534-3.
  21. ↑ Jacobsen, Knut A.; Larson, Gerald James (2005). Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-14757-7.
  22. ↑ Frawley, David (2004). Yoga and the Sacred Fire: Self-Realization and Planetary Transformation. Lotus Press. p. 288. ISBN   978-81-208-2746-2.
  23. ↑ Dills, Ann; Albright, Ann Cooper (2001). Moving History/Dancing Cultures: A Dance History Reader. Wesleyan University Press. p. 406. ISBN   9780819574251 . Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  24. ↑ Oh; Butow; Mullan; Clarke; Beale; Pavlakis; Kothe; Lam; Rosenthal (31 August 2009). "Impact of Medical Qigong on quality of life, fatigue, mood and inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial". Annals of Oncology. 21 (3): 608–614. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp479. PMC   2826100 . PMID   19880433.
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  26. 1 2 Payne, Peter; Crane-Godreau, Mardi (24 July 2013). "Meditative movement for depression and anxiety". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4: 71. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00071 . PMC   3721087 . PMID   23898306.
  27. 1 2 Caldwell K, Adams M, Quin R, Harrison M, Greeson J (2013). "Pilates, Mindfulness and Somatic Education". J Dance Somat Pract. 5 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1386/jdsp.5.2.141_1. PMC   4198945 . PMID   25328542.
  28. 1 2 Rouhiainen, Leena (2010). "The Evolvement of the Pilates Method and its Relation to the Somatic Field" (PDF). Nordic Journal of Dance. 2: 57–69. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  29. ↑ Smitt, Myrim Sillevis; Bird, H. A. (2013). "Measuring and enhancing proprioception in musicians and dancers". Clin Rheumatol. 32 (4): 469–473. doi:10.1007/s10067-013-2193-7. PMID   23397145. S2CID   23917260.
  30. ↑ Bläsing, Bettina; Calvo-Merino, Beatriz; Cross, Emily S.; Jola, Corinne; Honisch, Juliane; Stevens, Catherine J. (2012). "Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance" (PDF). Acta Psychologica. 139 (2): 300–308. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005. PMID   22305351. S2CID   14529071.
  31. ↑ Novac, Cynthia Jean (1990). Sharing the Dance: Contact Improvisation and American Culture. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   978-0-299-12440-3 . Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  32. ↑ Morrow, S. (2011). "Psyche meets Soma: accessing creativity through Ruth Zaporah's Action Theater". Theatre, Dance and Performance Training. 1 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1080/19443927.2010.543987. S2CID   219628909.
  33. 1 2 Brodie, Julie; Lobel, Elin (2004). "Integrating Fundamental Principles Underlying Somatic Practices into the Dance Technique Class". Journal of Dance Education. 4 (3): 80–87. doi:10.1080/15290824.2004.10387263. S2CID   143967135.
  34. ↑ Eddy, Martha Hart (2002). "Dance and Somatic Inquiry in Studios and Community Dance Programs". Journal of Dance Education. 2 (4): 119–127. doi:10.1080/15290824.2002.10387220. S2CID   145253337.
  35. ↑ Wozny, Nancy (May 2012). "The Somatics Infusion". Dance Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  36. ↑ Fortin, Sylvie; Long, Warwick; Lord, Madeleine (2002). "Three Voices: Researching how somatic education informs contemporary dance technique classes". Research in Dance Education. 3 (2): 155–179. doi:10.1080/1464789022000034712. S2CID   144606556.
  37. ↑ Nettl-Fiol, Rebecca; Vanier, Luc (2011). Dance and the Alexander Technique: Exploring the Missing Link (illustrated ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 12. ISBN   9780252077937 . Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  38. ↑ Long, Warwick (2002). Sensing Difference: Student and Teacher Perceptions on the Integration of the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education and Contemporary Dance Technique (PDF) (M.P.Ed.). International Feldenkrais® Federation. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  39. ↑ Rootberg, Ruth (September 2007). Mandy Rees (ed.). "Voice and Gender and other contemporary issues in professional voice and speech training". Voice and Speech Review. 35 (1): 164–170. doi:10.1080/23268263.2007.10769755. S2CID   144810660.
  40. ↑ Rosenberg, Bobby. "The Alexander Technique and Somatic Education" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2014. "[Alexander's] frequent references to "kinesthesia", "sensory awareness", and "feeling" place him squarely in the center of the field of somatics.
  41. ↑ Levine, Andrew (1998). The Bodywork and Massage Sourcebook . Lowell House. pp.  249–60. ISBN   9780737300987.
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  43. ↑ Behnke, Elizabeth A. (1998). "Matching". Somatics (Spring/Summer 1998): 24–32., found in Johnson, Don, ed. (1995). Bone, Breath & Gesture: Practices of Embodiment. North Atlantic Books. pp. 317–338. ISBN   9781556432019 . Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  44. ↑ Stillerman, Elaine (2016). Modalities for Massage and Bodywork (second ed.). Mosby. pp. 366–83, 402–14. ISBN   9780323239318.
  45. ↑ Levine, Peter A. with Frederick, Ann: Waking the Tiger. Healing Trauma. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA, 1997 ISBN   1-55643-233-X
  46. 1 2 Williamson, Amanda (2010). "Reflections and theoretical approaches to the study of spiritualities within the field of somatic movement dance education". Journal of Dance and Somatic Practices. 2 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1386/jdsp.2.1.35_1.
  47. ↑ Holland, D. (2004). "Integrating Mindfulness Meditation and Somatic Awareness into a Public Educational Setting". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 44 (4): 468–484. doi:10.1177/0022167804266100. S2CID   144546983.
  48. ↑ Eddy, Martha (2002). "Somatic Practices and Dance: Global Influences". Dance Research Journal. 34 (2): 46–62. doi:10.2307/1478459. JSTOR   1478459. S2CID   155396684.

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