Sphagnum papillosum

Last updated

Sphagnum papillosum
Sphagnum.papillosum.2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Sphagnopsida
Order: Sphagnales
Family: Sphagnaceae
Genus: Sphagnum
Species:
S. papillosum
Binomial name
Sphagnum papillosum
Synonyms [1]
  • Sphagnum cymbifolium var. papillosum (Lindb.) Schimp.
  • Sphagnum hakkodense Warnst. & Cardot
  • Sphagnum palustre ssp. papillosum (Lindb.) Russow
  • Sphagnum waghornei Warnst.
  • Sphagnum cymbifolium ssp. papillosum (Lindb.) Warnst.

Sphagnum papillosum, the papillose peatmoss, is a species of peat moss distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. [2] Although sometimes confused with Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum palustre, it is distinguished by its yellow-green to brown short, blunt branches and papillose chlorophyllose cells.

Contents

Taxonomy

S. papillosum is classified under section Sphagnum of the genus, which also includes the species S. magellanicum, S. palustre, and S. austinii. It was first described by Lindberg in 1872 and typified in 1913. It has previously been described in 1907 from specimens in Japan as S. hakkodense Warnst. & Card.; however, this was later identified to be a synonym and an isotype specimen of S. papillosum. Other synonyms include S. immersum Nees & Hornsch and S. waghornei Warnst. [3]

Description

Morphology

S. papillosum is distinguished by its robust, golden brown capitulum. It usually has 4 branches: 2 short and blunt divergent (spreading) branches and 2, sometimes 3, short pendent branches. The central cylinder or “wood” of the stem is usually dark brown to almost black in colour and sometimes green. The stem leaves are approximately 1.3 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, usually rectangular or spatulate in shape with a resorbed or fringed abaxial surface, inconspicuous on the adaxial surface. The branch leaves are spreading and can be up to 2 mm long and 1 mm wide. They are ovate to broadly ovate in shape and usually strongly concave. [4] [5]

S. papillosum possesses a pectin-like polysaccharide called Sphagnan, Sphagnum acid, and phenolic compounds in its leaves that have been observed to contribute to known antimicrobial and preservative properties of Sphagnum mosses. [6] [7]

Cellular structure

The stem cortical cells of S. papillosum are fibrillose with 1-2 pores. The branch cortical cells are also strongly fibrillose. The hyaline cells that make up the leaves are never ornamented, fairly wide, and often divided. There is usually a single pore present at the upper apex of the cell on the adaxial side, while there are many round to elliptic pores along the commissures of the abaxial side. The internal commissural walls appear to be rough or papillose due to cell wall projections that form papillae, a distinguishing feature of this Sphagnum moss. The chlorophyllose cells are rather small compared to other species and are trapezoidal to barrel-shaped in cross section. They are usually equally exposed on both sides or slightly more exposed on the adaxial side of the leaf. [4] [5]

Distribution

S. papillosum is widely distributed throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. It is especially common in western and northern Europe and can extend as far south as the Himalaya mountains. [4]

Habitat and ecology

S. papillosum is oligo-mesotrophic, commonly found in shaded, nutrient-poor fen habitats to open, acidic peatlands. Tends to form hummocks and dense carpets. It can also be found at low to mid-elevations near streams, flushes or transitional mires. [4] These types of habitats are mainly supplied by precipitation; therefore, nutrients such as nitrogen are particularly low and water availability is dependent on rates of rainfall, which both limits the growth and productivity of S. papillosum. [8] [9] Although S. papillosum favours habitats with consistent precipitation, it is relatively tolerant to water stress. [10]

Like other Sphagnum mosses, S. papillosum is sensitive to minerals and nutrients in the water and has been observed to bioaccumulate metals such as cadmium, chromium, and zinc in its tissues. The metal concentrations in S. papillosum has been observed to be a direct reflection of concentrations in its natural waters; therefore, it presents itself as an effective bioindicator of metal concentrations present in the environment. [11]

Life cycle

Gametophyte

S. papillosum is dioicous. Its antheridial and archegonial branches are morphologically similar to its vegetative branches. [4] The formation of antheridia and archegonia occur in late summer to early autumn. [12] Fertilization occurs in spring. [12]

Sporophyte

The sporangium mature in mid to late summer and are relatively spherical with numerous pseudostomata. [5] The spores are dispersed all at once when the sporangium matures through an explosive, hygroscopic mechanism triggered by warm and dry conditions. [12] The spores are discharged into the air and dispersed by the wind. Its spores are 26-36 μm in diameter and yellow brown in colour. [13] They are finely papillose with rounded, triradiate ridges on the distal surface. [4] [13]

Asexual reproduction

S. papillosum can also establish through asexual reproduction by the fragmentation of its stems and branches. [14] [15]

Uses and economic importance

S. papillosum is a major peat-forming moss, dominant in peatlands that are mined for horticultural purposes, as peat is a popular growing medium for ornamental plants. [16] [15] An alternative to peat mining is Sphagnum farming, which is the commercial practice of cultivating and harvesting Sphagnum moss. [15] In particular, S. papillosum has been observed to establish well on restored bog grasslands that could potentially be used for Sphagnum farming. [15] S. papillosum has also been observed to regenerate after cutting when tested for harvesting techniques; therefore, it may provide a potentially renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to peat mining. [15] [17]

Conservation

The IUCN classifies the species as Least concern due to its common occurrence across its wide geographic range, but several local populations (e.g. in Romania, Slovakia and Serbia) are considered threatened. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sporangium</span> Enclosure in which spores are formed

A sporangium, also known as a "sporange", is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peat</span> Accumulation of partially decayed vegetation

Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. Sphagnum moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most common components in peat, although many other plants can contribute. The biological features of sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation, a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation'. Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols. Peat forms in wetland conditions, where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere, slowing the rate of decomposition. Peat properties such as organic matter content and saturated hydraulic conductivity can exhibit high spatial heterogeneity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moss</span> Division of non-vascular land plants

Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophytasensu stricto. Bryophyta may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to 50 cm (20 in) in height. There are approximately 12,000 species.

<i>Sphagnum</i> Genus of mosses, peat moss

Sphagnum is a genus of approximately 380 accepted species of mosses, commonly known as sphagnum moss, also bog moss and quacker moss. Accumulations of Sphagnum can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold 16 to 26 times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species. The empty cells help retain water in drier conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dehiscence (botany)</span> Splitting of a mature plant structure along built-in line of weakness to release contents

Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent. Structures that do not open in this way are called indehiscent, and rely on other mechanisms such as decay or predation to release the contents.

<i>Helodium blandowii</i> Species of moss

Helodium blandowii, also known as Blandow's helodium moss, Blandow's tamarisk-moss, Blandow's bogmoss, and Blandow's feathermoss, is a rare plant in the Western U.S., including Oregon and California. It occurs all around the northern hemisphere in higher latitudes, and in some places is not as rare as in the Western U.S.

<i>Meesia uliginosa</i> Species of moss

Meesia uliginosa, the broad-nerved hump-moss, is a rare moss of the Western U.S. It occurs all around the northern hemisphere in higher latitudes, and in some places is not as rare as in the Western U.S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cors Caron</span> Raised bog in Ceredigion, Wales

Cors Caron is a raised bog in Ceredigion, Wales. Cors is the Welsh word for "bog". Cors Caron covers an area of approximately 349 hectares. Cors Caron represents the most intact surviving example of a raised bog landscape in the United Kingdom. About 44 different species groups inhabit the area including various land and aquatic plants, fish, insects, crustaceans, lichen, fungi, terrestrial mammals and birds.

<i>Aulacomnium palustre</i> Species of moss

Aulacomnium palustre, the bog groove-moss or ribbed bog moss, is a moss that is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution. It occurs in North America, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Eurasia, and New Zealand. In North America, it occurs across southern arctic, subboreal, and boreal regions from Alaska and British Columbia to Greenland and Quebec. Documentation of ribbed bog moss's distribution in the contiguous United States is probably incomplete. It is reported sporadically south to Washington, Wyoming, Georgia, and Virginia.

<i>Armillaria ectypa</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria ectypa is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. Commonly known as the marsh honey fungus, it prefers growing in sphagnum bogs with mosses. It is classified as endangered in Great Britain, and is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; it is also on the provisional European red data list. A. ectypa has been observed to have both bioluminescent mycelium and fruitbodies.

<i>Sphagnum palustre</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum palustre, the prairie sphagnum or blunt-leaved bogmoss, is a species of peat moss from the genus Sphagnum, in the family Sphagnaceae. Like other mosses of this type it can soak up water up to the 30-fold amount of its own dry weight thanks to its elastic spiral fibers. S. palustre is rather frequent and is spread almost all over the world. It mainly grows in wet forests and—compared to other specimens of this genus—rarely grows in moors.

<i>Empodisma minus</i> Species of flowering plant

Empodisma minus, commonly known as (lesser) wire rush or spreading rope-rush, is a perennial evergreen belonging to the southern-hemisphere family of monocotyledons called the Restionaceae. The Latin name Empodisma minus translates to “tangle-foot” “small”. E. minus is found from Queensland to South Australia, Tasmania and throughout New Zealand south of 38 ° latitude, or the central north island. Its current conservation status is “Least concerned”. In 2012 the new species Empodisma robustum was described in New Zealand, with what was previously described as E. minus from the lowland raised bogs of Waikato and Northland now being re-classified as E. robustum. E. minus remains an important peatformer in the south of New Zealand and in high altitude peatlands.

<i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum fuscum, the rusty bogmoss or rusty peat moss, is a peat moss found commonly in Norway and Sweden, and can be found scattered across North America, the United Kingdom, and in southern to eastern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Splachnaceae</span> Family of mosses

Splachnaceae is a family of mosses, containing around 70 species in 6 genera. Around half of those species are entomophilous, using insects to disperse their spores, a characteristic found in no other seedless land plants.

<i>Sphagnum cuspidatum</i> Species of moss

Sphagnum cuspidatum, the feathery bogmoss, toothed sphagnum, or toothed peat moss, is a peat moss found commonly in Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, the eastern coast of the United States, and in Colombia.

<i>Sphagnurus paluster</i> Species of fungus

Sphagnurus paluster is a species of fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae which parasitizes Sphagnum moss. It was first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1872. It is commonly called the sphagnum greyling due to it being found in peat bogs and to its cap turning grey as it ages and dries.

<i>Pogonatum urnigerum</i> Species of moss

Pogonatum urnigerum is a species of moss in the family Polytrichaceae, commonly called urn haircap. The name comes from "urna" meaning "urn" and "gerere" meaning "to bear" which is believed to be a reference made towards the plant's wide-mouthed capsule. It can be found on gravelly banks or similar habitats and can be identified by the blue tinge to the overall green colour. The stem of this moss is wine red and it has rhizoids that keep the moss anchored to substrates. It is an acrocarpous moss that grows vertically with an archegonium borne at the top of each fertilized female gametophyte shoot which develops an erect sporophyte.

Paludiculture is wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands. Paludiculture combines the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from drained peatlands through rewetting with continued land use and biomass production under wet conditions. “Paludi” comes from the Latin “palus” meaning “swamp, morass” and "paludiculture" as a concept was developed at Greifswald University. Paludiculture is a sustainable alternative to drainage-based agriculture, intended to maintain carbon storage in peatlands. This differentiates paludiculture from agriculture like rice paddies, which involve draining, and therefore degrading wetlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salta Moss</span> A Site of Special Scientific Interest in Cumbria, England

Salta Moss is a raised blanket mire which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ('SSSI') located in the hamlet of Salta, in Cumbria, United Kingdom. It was determined to be of biological interest under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The site, measuring 45.6 hectares, was officially designated in August 1982.

Andreaea blyttii, also commonly known as Blytt's rock moss, is a moss belonging to the family Andreaeaceae, commonly known as rock moss, granite moss, or lantern moss because of this family's unique sporangium. It is part of the genus Andreaea which is known for forming dark brownish or reddish-black carpets in high elevations. This species was first described by Schimper in 1855.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Baisheva, E.; Ignatov, M. (2019). "Papillose Bog-moss". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ↑ "Sphagnum papillosum Lindb". Tropicos . Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Isovitta, P. (1966). "Studies on Sphagnum L. I. Nomenclatural revision of the European taxa". Annales Botanici Fennici. 3 (2): 199–264.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 H.M.S.O (1990). Handbook of European sphagna. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. 1 2 3 "Sphagnum papillosum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
  6. ↑ Painter, Terence J. (1991). "Lindow man, tollund man and other peat-bog bodies: The preservative and antimicrobial action of Sphagnan, a reactive glycuronoglycan with tanning and sequestering properties". Carbohydrate Polymers. 15 (2): 123–142. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(91)90028-b.
  7. ↑ Mellegård, H.; Stalheim, T.; Hormazabal, V.; Granum, P.E.; Hardy, S.P. (July 2009). "Antibacterial activity of sphagnum acid and other phenolic compounds found in Sphagnum papillosum against food-borne bacteria". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 49 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02622.x. PMID   19413769. S2CID   20179079.
  8. ↑ Aerts, Rien; Wallen, Bo; Malmer, Nils (March 1992). "Growth-Limiting Nutrients in Sphagnum-Dominated Bogs Subject to Low and High Atmospheric Nitrogen Supply". The Journal of Ecology. 80 (1): 131. doi:10.2307/2261070. JSTOR   2261070.
  9. ↑ Vitousek, Peter M.; Aber, John D.; Howarth, Robert W.; Likens, Gene E.; Matson, Pamela A.; Schindler, David W.; Schlesinger, William H.; Tilman, David G. (August 1997). "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences". Ecological Applications. 7 (3): 737–750. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2. hdl: 1813/60830 .
  10. ↑ Clymo, R. S.; Hayward, P. M. (1982). "The Ecology of Sphagnum". Bryophyte Ecology. pp. 229–289. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_8. ISBN   978-94-009-5893-7.
  11. ↑ Gstoettner, E. M.; Fisher, N. S. (January 1997). "Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the mossSphagnum papillosum Lindle". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 93 (1–4): 321–330. Bibcode:1997WASP...93..321G. doi:10.1007/bf02404764. S2CID   189836857.
  12. 1 2 3 Cronberg, N. (1993). "Reproductive biology of Sphagnum". Lindbergia (17): 69–82.
  13. 1 2 Cao, T.; Vitt, D.H. (1986). "Spore surface structure of Sphagnum". Nova Hedwigia. 43 (1–2): 191–220.
  14. ↑ Longton, R.E. (2018). "Reproductive biology and life-history strategies". Bryology for the Twenty-First Century: 369. doi:10.1201/9781315138626-26. ISBN   9781315138626.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Gaudig, G.; Krebs, M.; Joosten, H. (2017). "Sphagnum farming on cut-over bog in NW Germany: Long-term studies on Sphagnum growth". Mires and Peat. 20 (4): 1–19. doi:10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.238.
  16. ↑ Emmel, M. (January 2008). "Growing Ornamental Plants in Sphagnum Biomass". Acta Horticulturae (779): 173–178. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2008.779.20.
  17. ↑ Krebs, M.; Gaudig, G.; Matchutadze, I.; Joosten, H. (2018). "Sphagnum regrowth after cutting". Mires and Peat. 20 (12): 1–20. doi:10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.298.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.