The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.
The toucan barbet is a barbet native to western Ecuador and Colombia. Along with the prong-billed barbet, it forms the family Semnornithidae, and is closely related to the toucans. It is a medium-sized barbet with a robust yellow bill. It has striking plumage, having a black head with grey throat and nape, red breast and upper belly, yellow lower belly and grey wings and tail.
The Deccan thorn scrub forests are a xeric shrubland ecoregion of south India and northern Sri Lanka. Historically this area was covered by tropical dry deciduous forest, but this only remains in isolated fragments. The vegetation now consists of mainly of southern tropical thorn scrub type forests. These consist of open woodland with thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns; spiny and xerophytic shrubs; and dry grassland. This is the habitat of the great Indian bustard and blackbuck, though these and other animals are declining in numbers; this area was at one time home to large numbers of elephants and tigers. Almost 350 species of bird have been recorded here. The remaining natural habitat is threatened by overgrazing and invasive weeds, but there are a number of small protected areas which provide a haven for the wildlife. Trees in these forests have adapted to not require much water.
Erioderma pedicellatum is a medium-sized, foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae, commonly called the boreal felt lichen. It grows on trees in damp boreal forests along the Atlantic coast in Canada, as well as in southcentral Alaska and in the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The yellow-eared parrot is an endangered parrot of the tropics in South America. It is found in the Andes of Colombia. This species was thought to be extinct up until April 1999, when a group of researchers that were sponsored by ABC and Fundación Loro Parque, discovered a total of 81 individuals in the Colombian Andes. It is currently enlisted as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Its current population trend is increasing, in part due to conservation measures implemented to protect the existing populations of the species. It is closely associated with the wax palm.
The ʻakikiki, also called the Kauaʻi creeper, is a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi.
The crater salamander, also known as the marbled crater salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical, high-altitude moist montane forests. It has a small area of distribution and is threatened by habitat loss therein.
Ixalotriton niger, the black jumping salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rocky areas and it is threatened by habitat loss.
The red-faced parrot is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is a part of the subspecies monotypic.
The red-billed scythebill is a species of bird in the Dendrocolaptinae subfamily.
The Jamaican blackbird is a species of bird in the New World blackbird and oriole family Icteridae. It is the only species (monotypic) in the genus Nesopsar. The species has sometimes been included in the genus Agelaius, but molecular systematics have shown it not be closely related to any living New World blackbird or grackle. The species is endemic to Jamaica, where it is restricted to Cockpit Country, some central areas and the Blue and John Crow Mountains.
The ochraceous piculet is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is endemic to eastern Brazil.
The equatorial dog-faced bat is a species of bat in the family Molossidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. They are found in dry, tropical forests. The species is now endangered. The equatorial dog-faced bat feeds on insects.
Andrewsianthus ferrugineus is a species of liverworts in the family Lophoziaceae. It is found in Bhutan and Nepal. It grows on tree trunks in forests. It is threatened by deforestation. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, its status is endangered.
Bryopteris gaudichaudii is a species of liverworts in the family Lejeuneaceae. It is found in Madagascar and Réunion. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Caudalejeunea grolleana is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. This liverwort can be found on tree bark and dead wood in undisturbed lowland rainforest. The main threat to the species is deforestation. Its habitat in Madagascar has a tropical to sub-tropical climate.
Myriocolea irrorata is a species of liverworts in the Lejeuneaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Since 2012 it has been transferred to the genus Colura.
Symbiezidium madagascariensis is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. It is found in Madagascar and Seychelles, where it grows on tree bark in rainforest habitat. It is threatened by declines in its native habitat type.
Utricularia jamesoniana is a small perennial epiphyte carnivorous plant in the family Lentibulariaceae. It is native to Central America, the Antilles, and northern and western South America. Specifically, it can be found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela and on the islands of Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Dominica, and Martinique. The species was originally published and described by Daniel Oliver in 1860. Its habitat is reported as being mossy tree trunks in montane cloud forests or lowland rain forests at altitudes from sea level to 2,500 m (8,202 ft). It flowers year-round.
Drepanolejeunea senticosa is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. It is native to Cuba. The species is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.
