| Streptomyces fradiae | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Streptomycetales |
| Family: | Streptomycetaceae |
| Genus: | Streptomyces |
| Species: | S. fradiae |
| Binomial name | |
| Streptomyces fradiae (Waksman and Curtis 1916) Waksman and Henrici 1948 | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Streptomyces roseoflavus | |
Streptomyces fradiae is a species of Actinomycetota. Different strains of S. fradiae are known to produce the antibiotics neomycin, tylosin, and fosfomycin. [2]
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that displays bactericidal activity against gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen. It is generally not effective against gram-positive bacilli and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. Neomycin comes in oral and topical formulations, including creams, ointments, and eyedrops. Neomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more amino sugars connected by glycosidic bonds.
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 700 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have very large genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Different strains of the same species may colonize very diverse environments.
Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β-lactamase inhibitor. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics, it can overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria that secrete β-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Fosfomycin, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower urinary tract infections. It is not indicated for kidney infections. Occasionally it is used for prostate infections. It is generally taken by mouth.
Streptomyces griseus is a species of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces commonly found in soil. A few strains have been also reported from deep-sea sediments. It is a Gram-positive bacterium with high GC content. Along with most other streptomycetes, S. griseus strains are well known producers of antibiotics and other such commercially significant secondary metabolites. These strains are known to be producers of 32 different structural types of bioactive compounds. Streptomycin, the first antibiotic ever reported from a bacterium, comes from strains of S. griseus. Recently, the whole genome sequence of one of its strains had been completed.
Keratinases are proteolytic enzymes that digest keratin.
Streptomyces hygroscopicus is a bacterial species in the genus Streptomyces. It was first described by Hans Laurits Jensen in 1931.
2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.329, neoA (gene name), kanK (gene name)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase (EC 1.14.19.7, HPP epoxidase, HppE, 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, Fom4, (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate epoxidase) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate,NADH:oxygen epoxidase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
DTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose N,N-dimethyltransferase is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose 3-N,N-dimethyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
DTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose transaminase is an enzyme with systematic name dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Streptomyces thermocarboxydus is a streptomycete bacterium species. It is moderately thermophilic and carboxydotrophic, with type strain AT37.
Streptomyces isolates have yielded the majority of human, animal, and agricultural antibiotics, as well as a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines. Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus of Actinomycetota, producing chemotherapy, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic drugs, and immunosuppressants. Streptomyces isolates are typically initiated with the aerial hyphal formation from the mycelium.
Streptomyces albidoflavus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from Poland. Streptomyces albidoflavus produces dibutyl phthalate and streptothricins.
Streptomyces badius is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Kaukasus in Russia. Streptomyces badius produces cutinase. Streptomyces badius can metabolize quinoxaline.
Kitasatospora cinereorecta is a bacterium species from the genus Kitasatospora.
Streptomyces filamentosus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces filamentosus produces caryomycin. Streptomyces filamentosus also produces the novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin.
Streptomyces wedmorensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Pennsylvania in the United States. Streptomyces wedmorensis produces (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, fosfomycin and phosphonomycin B.
Tylactone synthase or TYLS is a Type 1 polyketide synthase. TYLS is found in strains of Streptomyces fradiae and responsible for the synthesis of the macrolide ring, tylactone, the precursor of an antibiotic, tylosin. TYLS is composed of five large multi-functional proteins, TylGI-V. Each protein contains either one or two modules. Each module consists of a minimum of a Ketosynthase (KS), an Acyltransferase (AT), and an Acyl carrier protein (ACP) but may also contain a Ketoreductase (KR), Dehydrotase (DH), and Enoyl Reductase (ER) for additional reduction reactions. The domains of TYLS have similar activity domains to those found in other Type I polyketide synthase such as 6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS). The TYLS system also contains a loading module consisting of a ketosynthase‐like decarboxylase domain, an acyltransferase, and acyl carrier protein. The terminal Thioesterase terminates tylactone synthesis by cyclizing the macrolide ring. After the TYLS completes tylactone synthesis, the tylactone molecule is modified by oxidation at C-20 and C-23 and glycosylation of mycaminose, mycinose, and mycarose to produce tylosin.
Sagrario Mochales del Val is a Spanish researcher and microbiologist, known for her work in the investigation of antibiotics. She was involved in screening natural products to discover various active principles, such as the broad-spectrum antibiotic Fosfomycin, widely used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and other ailments. She also contributed to the discovery of Lovastatin, used in treating hypercholesterolemia to reduce cholesterol levels and prevent related diseases.
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