Sue (dinosaur)

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Sue
FMNH SUE Trex.jpg
Sue on display in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Catalog no.FMNH PR 2081
Common nameSue
Species Tyrannosaurus rex
Age67 million years [1] (aged c. 33)
Place discovered Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, South Dakota, U.S.
Date discoveredAugust 12, 1990
Discovered by Susan Hendrickson

Sue [a] (stylized: SUE), officially designated FMNH PR 2081, is one of the largest, [b] most extensive, and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex fossils ever found, at over 90 percent recovered by bulk. [4]

Contents

FMNH PR 2081 was discovered on August 12, 1990, [5] by American explorer and fossil collector Sue Hendrickson, after whom it is named. After ownership disputes were settled, Sue was auctioned in October 1997 for US$8.3 million, one of the highest amounts ever paid for a dinosaur fossil. Sue is now a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. [6]

Discovery

During the summer of 1990, a group of workers from the Black Hills Institute, located in Hill City, searched for fossils at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in western South Dakota near the city of Faith. By the end of the summer, the group had discovered Edmontosaurus bones and was ready to leave.

However, a flat tire was discovered on their truck before the group could depart on August 12. [7] [8] While the rest of the group went into town to repair the truck, Sue Hendrickson decided to explore the nearby cliffs that the group had not checked. As she was walking along the base of a cliff, she discovered some small pieces of bone.

She looked above her to see where the bones had originated, and observed larger bones protruding from the wall of the cliff. She returned to camp with two small pieces of the bones and reported the discovery to the president of the Black Hills Institute, Peter Larson. [9] He determined that the bones were from a T. rex by their distinctive contour and texture. Later, closer examination of the site showed many visible bones above the ground and some articulated vertebrae. [10] [ page needed ]

Highlighted green are the real fossilized bones. The real skull is displayed separately. SUE Trex Real Bones.jpg
Highlighted green are the real fossilized bones. The real skull is displayed separately.

The crew ordered extra plaster and, although some of the crew had to depart, Hendrickson and a few other workers began to uncover the bones. The group was excited, as it was evident that much of the dinosaur had been preserved. Previously discovered T. rex skeletons were usually missing over half of their bones. [10]

It was later determined that Sue was a record 90 percent complete by bulk, [11] and 73 percent complete counting the elements. [12] Of the 360 known T. rex bones, around 250 have been recovered. [1] Scientists believe that this specimen was covered by water and mud soon after its death, which prevented other animals from carrying away the bones. [13] [ page needed ] Additionally, the rushing water mixed the skeleton together.

When the fossil was found, the hip bones were above the skull and the leg bones were intertwined with the ribs. The large size and the excellent condition of the bones were also surprising. The skull was 1,394 mm (54.9 in) long, and most of the teeth were still intact. After the group completed excavating the bones, each block was covered in burlap and coated in plaster, followed by a transfer to the offices of the Black Hills Institute, where they began to clean the bones.

Dispute and auction

Sue's skull Sue skull.jpg
Sue's skull

Soon after the fossil was found, a dispute arose over legal ownership. The Black Hills Institute had obtained permission from the owner of the land, Maurice Williams, to excavate and remove the skeleton, and had paid Williams US$5,000 for the remains. [14]

Williams later claimed that the money had not been for the sale of the fossil and that he had only allowed Larson to remove and clean the fossil for a later sale. [10] [ page needed ] Williams was a member of the Sioux tribe, and the tribe claimed the bones belonged to them. However, the property where the fossil had been found was held in trust by the United States Department of the Interior.

In 1992, the FBI and the South Dakota National Guard raided the site where the Black Hills Institute had been cleaning the bones and seized the fossil, [15] charging Larson on 158 points. The government transferred the remains to the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, where the skeleton was stored until the penal and civil legal disputes were settled. The United States Senate voted to not confirm the appointment of Kevin Schieffer as United States Attorney for the District of South Dakota after his controversial handling of the penal case.

In 1996, Larson was sentenced to a two-year prison sentence involving customs violations unrelated to the T. rex. After a lengthy civil case, the court decreed that Maurice Williams retained ownership. [16] Williams then decided to sell the remains and contracted with Sotheby's to auction the specimen.

Many at the time worried that the fossil would end up in a private collection where people would not be able to observe it. [17] [18] The Field Museum in Chicago was also concerned about this possibility, and decided to attempt to purchase it. However, the organization realized that they might have had difficulty securing funding and requested that companies and private citizens provide financial support. The California State University system, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, McDonald's, Ronald McDonald House Charities, and individual donors agreed to assist in purchasing Sue for the Field Museum.

On October 4, 1997, the auction began at US$500,000; less than ten minutes later, the Field Museum had purchased the remains with the highest bid of US$7.6 million, which eclipsed bids made on behalf of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. The final cost was US$8,362,500. [19] [20] [21] Sue remains one of the most expensive dinosaur fossils ever sold, only surpassed in 2020 with the sale of Stan the T. rex. for $31.8 million, and subsequently in 2024 by Apex the Stegosaurus, which sold for $44.6 million.

Preparation

Field Museum Fossil Preparation Lab Field fg06.jpg
Field Museum Fossil Preparation Lab

The Field Museum hired a specialized moving company with experience in transporting delicate items to move the bones to Chicago. The truck arrived at the museum in October 1997. Two new research laboratories funded by McDonald's were created and staffed by Field Museum preparators whose job was to slowly and carefully remove all the rock, or "matrix", from the bones. One preparation lab was at the Field Museum itself, the other was at the newly opened Animal Kingdom in Disney World in Orlando. Millions of visitors observed the preparation of Sue's bones through glass windows in both labs. Footage of the work was also put on the museum's website.

Several of the fossil's bones had never been discovered, so preparators produced models of the missing bones from plastic to complete the exhibit. The modeled bones were colored in a purplish hue so that visitors could observe which bones were real and which bones were plastic. The preparators also poured molds of each bone. All the molds were sent to a company outside Toronto to be cast in hollow plastic. The Field Museum kept one set of disarticulated casts in its research collection. The other sets were incorporated into mounted cast skeletons. One set of the casts was sent to Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida to be presented for public display. Two other mounted casts were placed into a traveling tour that was sponsored by the McDonald's Corporation. [13] [ page needed ]

Once the preparators finished removing the matrix from each bone, it was sent to the museum's photographer who made high-quality photographs. From there, the museum's paleontologists began the study of the skeleton. In addition to photographing and studying each bone, the research staff also arranged for CT scanning of select bones. The skull was too large to fit into a medical CT scanner, so Boeing's Rocketdyne laboratory in California agreed to let the museum use their CT scanner that was normally used to inspect space shuttle parts. [22]

Life and death

Bone damage

Skeletal reconstruction of Sue Tyrannosaurus Sue skeletal reconstruction.png
Skeletal reconstruction of Sue

Close examination of the bones revealed that Sue was 27-33 years old [23] at the time of death (with 33 years old being the best-supported estimate in this range), making it the oldest known T. rex specimen currently published. This was originally estimated as 28 years old, [24] with a later analysis updating the age estimate. [23]

During its life, Sue suffered from several injuries, [13] including a damaged right shoulder blade, a torn tendon in the right arm most likely due to a struggle with prey, and three broken ribs. [25] This damage subsequently healed (though one rib healed into two separate pieces), indicating Sue survived the incident.

Sue also suffered numerous other health afflictions. The fossil’s left fibula is twice the diameter of the right one, likely the result of an infection. Originally the deformity was believed to be from a healed fracture, before later CT scans showed none.[ citation needed ] Both the misshapen left fibula and the fused c26 and c27 caudal vertebrae show signs consistent with the bone infection osteomyelitis. [26] Several of Sue’s tail vertebrae are fused in a pattern typical of arthritis due to injury. The animal is also believed to have suffered from gout. [27]

Several holes in the front of Sue’s skull were originally thought to be either from an infection or bite marks by another tyrannosaur. A 2009 study found these holes to be areas of parasitic infection, possibly from an infestation of an ancestral form of Trichomonas gallinae , a protozoan parasite that infests birds and ultimately leads to death by starvation due to internal swelling of the neck. [28] [29] Damage to the back end of the skull was interpreted early on as a fatal bite wound, but subsequent study by Field Museum paleontologists found no bite marks. The distortion and breakage seen in some of the bones in the back of the skull was likely caused by post-mortem trampling.[ citation needed ]

Sue’s cause of death is ultimately unknown. [10] [ page needed ] The dinosaur died in a seasonal stream bed, which washed away some small bones as it rapidly covered the remains with sediment, ultimately leading to fossilization. [30]

Size

"Sue" and other specimens to scale with a human Tyrannosaurus specimens.svg
"Sue" and other specimens to scale with a human

Sue is approximately 12.3–12.4 meters (40.4–40.7 ft) long along the centra, and stands 3.66–3.96 meters (12–13 ft) tall at the hips. [1] Sue is one of the largest Tyrannosaurus specimens, only possibly exceeded by Scotty (RSM P2523.8). [2]

Sue possesses the longest known gastralium (belly rib) among theropods, measuring about 90 centimeters (3.0 ft). Sue also has the longest known pubis currently measured among the Cretaceous theropods, measuring roughly 136 centimeters (4.46 ft).

Weight

Sue has been estimated to have weighed between 8.4–14 metric tons (9.26–15.4 short tons ) when living, as of 2018. [31] [32] [33] [34] In 2011, other weight estimates were between 9.5–18.5 metric tons (10.5–20.4 short tons ), although the authors stated that their upper and lower estimates were based on models with wide possible errors, and that they "consider them [these extremes] to be too skinny, too fat, or too disproportionate". [35] A further estimate portrayed a leaner build, placing the specimen at 8.4 metric tons (9.3 short tons), [31] while older estimates have placed this specimen at 5.7–6.4 metric tons (6.3–7.1 short tons) in weight. [36] [37]

Displayed separately from the whole body, the skull weighs 272 kg (600 lb). [37] [38]

Exhibition

Sue as originally mounted in Stanley Field Hall Field Museum August 2010 1 (Sue).JPG
Sue as originally mounted in Stanley Field Hall

Following preparation, photography, and study, the bones were sent to New Jersey[ when? ] where work began on making the mount. Sue’s mount consists of a bent steel frame which supports each bone safely, displaying the skeleton fully articulated as it was in life.

The dinosaur’s real skull was not incorporated into the mounted display, as subsequent study would be difficult with the head 4 m (13 ft) off the ground. Additionally, parts of the skull had been crushed and broken and thus appeared distorted. [39] The museum made a cast of the skull, and altered this cast to remove the distortions, thus approximating what the original undistorted skull may have looked like. The cast skull was also lighter, allowing it to be displayed on the mount without the use of a steel upright under the head. The original skull was exhibited in a separate case, which could be opened to allow researchers access for study.

Originally, the Field Museum had plans to incorporate Sue into their preexisting dinosaur exhibit on the second floor, but had little left in their budget to do so after purchasing it. Instead, the T. rex was put on display in the building’s main hall directly in front of the museum’s north entrance, where it would remain for the next 18 years. [40]

Sue was unveiled on May 17, 2000, attracting over 10,000 visitors that day. [41] John Gurche, a paleoartist, painted a mural of a Tyrannosaurus for the exhibit. [42]

New suite (2019)

With the correct furcula in place, the shoulders are lowered and meet in the middle of the chest - bringing the arms closer to the ground. SUE FM 2081 T rex furcula.jpg
With the correct furcula in place, the shoulders are lowered and meet in the middle of the chest – bringing the arms closer to the ground.

In early 2018, Sue was dismantled and moved to its own gallery on the museum’s upper level, connected to the Evolving Planet exhibit and the Elizabeth Morse Genius Hall of Dinosaurs. [44] The new exhibit opened on December 21, 2018. [45]

The 5,100 square-foot exhibit includes animated videos of Sue that are projected in 6K onto nine-foot tall panes behind its skeleton. [46] [39] [47] Atlantic Productions worked with the Field Museum to create multiple animated sequences, including Sue scavenging an Ankylosaurus carcass, battling a Triceratops , and hunting an Edmontosaurus . [47]

According to the Field Museum's associate curator of dinosaurs Pete Makovicky, the new suite was designed to accentuate the size and stature of Sue, and although smaller, the exhibit allows for a more intimate display of the T. rex, [48] along with the skull of a Triceratops and other Cretaceous period artifacts, such as shark teeth and pachycephalosaurid bones.

Sue’s reassembled display is intended to reflect the newest scientific theories, including the proper furcula and attachment of the gastralia to the rest of the skeleton. [49] [50] [51]

Sue's real skull is kept in a separate display case in the exhibition, allowing it to be removed for study as required. [39] [52] [47]

Tyrannosaurus imperator debate

In a 2022 study, Gregory S. Paul and colleagues argued that Tyrannosaurus rex, as traditionally understood, actually represents three species: the type species Tyrannosaurus rex, and two new species: T. imperator (meaning "tyrant lizard emperor") and T. regina (meaning "tyrant lizard queen"). The holotype of the former (T. imperator) is the Sue specimen, and the holotype of the latter (T. regina) is Wankel rex. Paul interpreted Sue to represent an earlier population of Tyrannosaurus, which speciated into T. rex and T. regina. [53]

However, several other leading paleontologists, including Stephen Brusatte, Thomas Carr, Thomas Holtz, David Hone, Jingmai O'Connor, and Lindsay Zanno, criticized the study or expressed skepticism of its conclusions when approached by various media outlets for comment. [54] [55] [56] Their criticism was subsequently published in a technical paper. [57] Holtz remarked that, even if Tyrannosaurus imperator represented a distinct species from Tyrannosaurus rex, it may represent the same species as Nanotyrannus lancensis and would need to be called Tyrannosaurus lancensis. O'Connor, a curator at the Field Museum, where the T. imperator holotype Sue is displayed, regarded the new species as too poorly supported to justify modifying the exhibit signs. [54]

In the media

VOA report about Sue's new exhibit

A 1997 episode of the PBS show Nova , "Curse of the T. Rex", discussed the history of the discovery and ensuing legal challenges. [30] [58]

The 1998 4-episode television special Dinosaurs: Inside and Out extensively discussed Sue, mentioning the now-disproven theory that it was killed by a bite to the back of the head by another T. rex.[ citation needed ]

Sue was the subject of a 2000 educational computer game called I See SUE, which was published by Simon and Schuster Interactive. [59]

Sue was featured in the Dresden Files book series book 7, Dead Beat , as being part of the Field Museum exhibits; the central character later uses Sue to ride into battle as a reanimated zombie T. rex. [60]

Sue’s discovery and the subsequent legal battles were featured in Director Todd Miller's documentary Dinosaur 13 , which premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival [61] and was subsequently released in theaters and on DVD.

In 2015, an episode of NPR's Planet Money discussed the acquisition of Sue from a financial and legal perspective. [62]

Sue is personified through an official Twitter account and in Field Museum press releases. The character uses the singular they pronoun, in acknowledgement of the fossil specimen’s undetermined sex. [63] [64] Sue takes on a humorous, sarcastic tone in their online presence, referring to themself as a “murderbird”, [49] commenting on current events, and joking about eating museum guests. [65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The name officially is stylized in all capital letters: SUE. [66] [67] This helps distinguish the specimen from its discoverer, Sue Hendrickson. [63]
  2. ↑ Another specimen called 'Scotty' was reported in 2019 to be the largest. [2] [3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Sue the T. Rex". Field Museum. February 5, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Persons, W. Scott; Currie, Philip J.; Erickson, Gregory M. (2020). "An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 656–672. doi: 10.1002/ar.24118 . PMID   30897281.
  3. ↑ Lyle, Andrew (22 March 2019). "Paleontologists identify biggest Tyrannosaurus rex ever discovered". Folio, University of Alberta. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  4. ↑ "Unearthing the Secrets of Sue: Educators Guide" (PDF). The Field Museum (Second ed.). pp. 3, 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  5. ↑ Harrod, Horatia (9 August 2014). "The Curse of the $8 million dinosaur". Daily Telegraph.
  6. ↑ "Sue at The Field Museum". The Field Museum. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  7. ↑ Steve Fiffer (2000). Tyrannosaurus Sue . W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. ISBN   0-7167-4017-6. Chapter 1 "It must be a T.rex".
  8. ↑ Wright, Tommy: Unveiling Sue Archived April 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on April 9, 2007
  9. ↑ "T. rex dig goes online" (PDF). unearthingtrex.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Larson, Peter; Donnan, Kristin (2002). Rex Appeal.[ page needed ]
  11. ↑ The Field Museum. "Unearthing the Secrets of Sue: Educator Guide" (PDF) (Second ed.). pp. 3, 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  12. ↑ Larson, P (2008). "One Hundred Years of Tyrannosaurus rex: The Skeletons". In Larson; Carpenter (eds.). Tyrannosaurus rex: The Tyrant King. Indiana University Press.[ page needed ]
  13. 1 2 3 Relf, Pat (2000). A Dinosaur Named Sue: The Story of the Colossal Fossil.[ page needed ]
  14. ↑ Cherry, Miriam: A T-Rex Named Sue Archived April 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on April 9, 2007
  15. ↑ Cataldo, Rosie: Digging for dollars Archived February 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on April 9, 2007
  16. ↑ "The T. rex that got away: Smithsonian's quest for Sue ends with different dinosaur". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  17. ↑ Monastersky, Richard: For the Sake of Sue Archived December 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on December 6, 2007
  18. ↑ Poling, Jeff: Reserving "Sue" Archived December 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on December 6, 2007
  19. ↑ Hoganson, John W. (Summer–Fall 1998). "The Selling of the Tyrannosaurus rex Named "Sue": Its Effect on North Dakota's Fossil Resource Management Program" (PDF). NDGS Newsletter. Vol. 25, no. 2. pp. 14–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Tyrannosaurus Sue". www.factmonster.com.
  21. ↑ Freedom du Lac, J. (April 5, 2014). "The T. rex that got away: Smithsonian's quest for Sue ends with different dinosaur". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  22. ↑ Lee, William: Dissecting a Dinosaur Mummy Archived December 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on January 2, 2008
  23. 1 2 Cullen, Thomas M.; Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Smith, Nathan D.; Hu, Dongyu; Makovicky, Peter J. (2020-11-25). "Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1939): 20202258. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2258. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   7739506 . PMID   33234083.
  24. ↑ Erickson, Gregory M.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Currie, Philip J.; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; Brochu, Christopher A. (2004-08-12). "Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs". Nature. 430 (7001): 772–775. doi:10.1038/nature02699. ISSN   0028-0836. (Erratum:  doi:10.1038/nature16487, PMID   26675726,  Retraction Watch . If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{ erratum |...}} with {{ erratum |...|checked=yes}}.)
  25. ↑ Rothschild, B.; Tanke, D. H.; Ford, T. L. (2001). "Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity". In Tanke, D. H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press. pp. 331–336.
  26. ↑ Hamm, C. A.; Hampe, O.; Schwarz, D.; Witzmann, F.; Makovicky, P. J.; Brochu, C. A.; Reiter, R.; Asbach, P. (December 2020). "A comprehensive diagnostic approach combining phylogenetic disease bracketing and CT imaging reveals osteomyelitis in a Tyrannosaurus rex". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18897. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018897H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75731-0. PMC   7642268 . PMID   33144637.
  27. ↑ Rothschild, Bruce M.; Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Ken (May 1997). "Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout". Nature. 387 (6631): 357. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..357R. doi: 10.1038/387357a0 . PMID   9163417. S2CID   1360596.
  28. ↑ Wolff, Ewan D. S.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Horner, John R.; Varricchio, David J. (2009). "Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7288. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7288W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007288 . PMC   2748709 . PMID   19789646.
  29. ↑ Johnson, John Jr. (September 30, 2009). "Throat infection may have brought down T. rex". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  30. 1 2 "Nova: January – December 1997". PBS . Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  31. 1 2 Hartman, Scott (July 7, 2013). "Mass estimates: North vs South redux". Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  32. ↑ Holtz, T. R. (2011). "Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix" (PDF). Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Sue Fact Sheet" (PDF). Sue at the Field Museum. Field Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2016.
  34. ↑ "How well do you know SUE?". Field Museum of Natural History. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  35. ↑ Hutchinson, J. R.; Bates, K. T.; Molnar, J.; Allen, V.; Makovicky, P. J. (2011). "A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26037. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626037H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 . PMC   3192160 . PMID   22022500.
  36. ↑ Erickson, Gregory M.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Currie, Philip J.; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; Brochu, Christopher A. (2004). "Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7001): 772–775. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..772E. doi:10.1038/nature02699. PMID   15306807. S2CID   4404887. (Erratum:  doi:10.1038/nature16487, PMID   26675726,  Retraction Watch . If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{ erratum |...}} with {{ erratum |...|checked=yes}}.)
  37. 1 2 "Sue's vital stats". The Field Museum.
  38. ↑ "Sue Press Release". Field Museum of Natural History . Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  39. 1 2 3 Johnson, Steve (December 18, 2018). "First look: Sue's new digs at the Field Museum are smaller, but much more T. rexy". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  40. ↑ "A Look Inside Sue the T. Rex's New 'Private Suite' at The Field Museum". WTTW News. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  41. ↑ Hartman, Holly: Tyrannosaurus Sue, Retrieved on April 9, 2007
  42. ↑ "Local artist honored for T-rex painting". Denver Post. November 12, 2000. A42.
  43. ↑ "A Fresh Science Makeover for SUE". Field Museum. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  44. ↑ Johnson, Steve; Geib, Phil (February 5, 2018). "The Dismantling of Sue". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  45. ↑ Johnson, Steve (November 12, 2018). "Sue's New Digs at Field Museum Will Open Dec. 21". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  46. ↑ "Sue the T. rex – now with more bones! – goes back on display in new digs". Chicago Sun-Times. December 18, 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  47. 1 2 3 "A Look Inside Sue the T. Rex's New 'Private Suite' at The Field Museum". WTTW News. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  48. ↑ "Sue, the world-famous T. rex, gets a new lair in Chicago". Reuters . 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  49. 1 2 "I (SUE the T. rex) am moving to my own place and all y'all are invited". Field Museum. January 30, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  50. ↑ Johnson, Steve (December 18, 2018). "First Look: Sue's New Digs at the Field Museum Are Smaller, But Much More T. Rexy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  51. ↑ Bauer, Kelly (December 18, 2018). "Sue the T. Rex Is Back at the Field Museum with a Huge New Suite". Block Club Chicago . Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  52. ↑ "SUE The T. Rex Says Goodbye To Her Skull". 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  53. ↑ Paul, Gregory S.; Persons IV, W. Scott; van Raalte, Jay (2022). "The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus". Evolutionary Biology. 49 (2): 156–179. Bibcode:2022EvBio..49..156P. doi:10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5. S2CID   247200214.
  54. 1 2 Elbein, Asher (February 28, 2022). "They Want to Break T. Rex into 3 Species. Other Paleontologists Aren't Pleased" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  55. ↑ Hunt, Katie (March 1, 2022). "Tyrannosaurus rex may have been misunderstood". CNN.
  56. ↑ Greshko, Michael (March 1, 2022). "Call to split T. rex into 3 species sparks fierce debate". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022.
  57. ↑ Carr T.D., Napoli J.G., Brusatte S.L., Holtz T.R., Hone D.W.E., Williamson T.E. & Zanno L.E. (2022). "Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on "The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus"”. Evolutionary Biology49(3): p. 314-341: doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1
  58. ↑ Gliatto, Tom (February 24, 1997), "Picks and Pans Review: Nova: Curse of T. Rex", People, vol. 47, no. 7, retrieved August 12, 2015
  59. ↑ Simon & Schuster Interactive, I SEE SUE – The T. Rex (2000) , retrieved 2023-02-20
  60. ↑ Butcher, Jim (May 3, 2005). Dead Beat. United States: Roc Hardcover. p. 396. ISBN   0-451-46027-8.
  61. ↑ Means, Sean, "Sundance Film Festival: The 67 titles announced in competition categories, Next program". Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  62. ↑ Smith, Stacey Vanek (October 30, 2015). "Episode 660: The T-Rex in My Backyard". Planet Money (Podcast). NPR.
  63. ↑ Russell, Jesse (September 11, 2017). "Reports of SUE The T. Rex's Twitter Extinction Greatly Exaggerated". UpOut. Chicago. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  64. ↑ Volpe, Theresa (February 6, 2018). "Sue the T. rex goes nonbinary". Windy City Times. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  65. ↑ "SUE the T. rex". X (formerly Twitter). Archived from the original on 2024-12-07. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
  66. Grande, Lance (2017). Curators: Behind the Scenes of Natural History Museums. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 111. ISBN   978-0-226-19275-8.
  67. Donald, Elizabeth (February 4, 2018). "Field Museum T. rex SUE making way for bigger dinosaur". Journal Star. Peoria, IL. Retrieved July 21, 2018.

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