TNCO ceilings

Last updated

The Tar, Nicotine and Carbon monoxyde ceilings (or TNCO ceilings) are the average upper limits on total aerosol residue, nicotine and carbon monoxide contents of a cigarette, as measured on a smoking machine and according to a given set of ISO standards. [1] Because these refer to machine-generated yields rather than the average smoker's intake, these values have often been decried as misleading. [2]

Tar is the common name for the resinous, partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking. Tar is toxic and damages the smoker's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes. Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth, damaging gums, and desensitizing taste buds. Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for example, are genotoxic via epoxidation.

Nicotine chemical found naturally in certain plants that acts as a mild stimulant

Nicotine is a stimulant and potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is naturally produced in the nightshade family of plants and used for the treatment of tobacco use disorders as a smoking cessation aid and nicotine dependence for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits where it acts as a receptor antagonist.

Carbon monoxide chemical compound

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to animals that use hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone.

Contents

A growing number of countries are nevertheless using such values as upper yield limitations for the cigarettes marketed under their jurisdiction.

Cigarette small roll of cut tobacco designed to be smoked

A cigarette, also known colloquially as a fag in British English, is a narrow cylinder containing psychoactive material, usually tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. Most cigarettes contain a "reconstituted tobacco" product known as "sheet", which consists of "recycled [tobacco] stems, stalks, scraps, collected dust, and floor sweepings", to which are added glue, chemicals and fillers; the product is then sprayed with nicotine that was extracted from the tobacco scraps, and shaped into curls. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder and allowing smoke to be inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth. Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although this does not make them safer. Cigarette manufacturers have described cigarettes as a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form. Cigarettes are addictive and cause cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and other health problems.

Africa

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 151.5-2007 07
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 152-2005 01
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 120.8- 
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 121.2-2006 06

(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)

Most countries on the continent do not impose maximum values for either tar, nicotine or CO, but Burkina Faso, Benin, Cape Verde, Morocco nevertheless demand that yield values be reported on pack.

Burkina Faso country in Africa

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2018 population estimate by the United Nations was 19,751,651. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Roughly 40% of the population speaks the Mossi language. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé. Its capital is Ouagadougou.

Benin country in Africa

Benin, officially the Republic of Benin and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres (44,310 sq mi) and its population in 2016 was estimated to be approximately 10.87 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.

Cape Verde Country comprising ten islands off the Northwest coast of Africa

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean. It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. In ancient times these islands were referred to as "the Islands of the Blessed" or the "Fortunate Isles". Located 570 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula off the coast of Northwest Africa, the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).

Americas

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 141.1-1995 11
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 101102001 12

(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)

Whereas Ecuador prohibits the indication of TNCO yields, Canada, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama and Peru require these values to be indicated without mandating upper limits. Canada demands values measured both with ISO standards and Health Canada's Intensive Method, as well as the yields for formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and benzene.

Ecuador Republic in South America

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito and the largest city as well.

Canada Country in North America

Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

El Salvador country in Central America

El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2016, the country had a population of approximately 6.34 million.

Asia & Pacific

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 151.3-2008 02
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 11--2013 01
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 17--1999 07
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau 201.5-1996 08
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 101.0101993 05
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 151.4--
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 80.7--
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 101.0-2013 03
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 121.2-2007 07
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 242.2-2007 03 [3]

(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs (see exceptions below).)

Although many countries in the region do not impose formal ceilings, some still request that tar and nicotine yield values be indicated on the pack (India, Indonesia, Japan). In Brunei, Malaysia and Vietnam, on the other hand, measured values must only be reported to the government.

India Country in South Asia

India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Indonesia Republic in Southeast Asia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands, and at 1,904,569 square kilometres, the 14th largest by land area and the 7th largest in combined sea and land area. With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, contains more than half of the country's population.

Japan Constitutional monarchy in East Asia

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south.


HARA<BE

Eastern Europe and former CIS

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 101102007 05
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 14 [4] 1.2-2005 12
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 141.2--
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 12---
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 101-2005 04
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 14 [4] 1.2-2003 07
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 14 [4] 1.2-
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  Macedonia 101102008 03
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 151.2-2008 01 [5]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 101102004 02
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 101102010 06
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 14 [6] 1.4142007 01
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 161.4--
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 15 [7] 1.3-1997 07
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 161.4--

(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)

While Kosovo should soon enact regulation imposing ceilings, Bosnia-Herzegovina only requires tar and nicotine yields to be indicated, without imposing maximal values.

Kosovo Partially-recognised state in Southeast Europe

Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a partially recognized state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe.

European Union/EFTA

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 101102004 01
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 101102004 01
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 101102008 01
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 101102004 05
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 101102004 05
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 101102004 01
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 101102006 06
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 101102004 01
Flag of France.svg  France 101102004 01
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 101102004 01
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 101102007 01
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 101102004 04
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 101102004 01
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 101102003 09
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 101102004 01
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 101102004 10
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 101102004 10
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 101102004 06
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 101102004 01
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 101102004 04
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 101102004 01
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 101102004 01
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 101102004 03
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 101102004 01
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 101102007 01
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 101102006 07
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 101102004 01
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 101102004 01
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 101102004 01
Flag of Switzerland.svg   Switzerland 101102004 10
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 101102003 09

(All values in mg/cigarette.)

Current regulations are based on European Union directive "2001/37" (PDF). (220  KiB). All yields must be indicated on the side of the pack with a minimum surface area of 10%, except for Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, Luxembourg, Malta (12%), Liechtenstein & Switzerland (15%) and Italy (20%).

The maximum levels have been previously limited to 15 mg tar (1992), then to 12 mg tar (01-1998), without maximum levels for nicotine and CO.

Middle East

CountryTarNicotineCOAs of
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 100.6121995 01
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 101152004 01
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 100.6121995 01
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 100.6121995 01
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestinian Authority 251.6-2005 07
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 100.6121995 01
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 100.6121995 01
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 131.110.52007 01
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 121102007 01
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  UAE 100.6121995 01
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 120.8-1995 01

(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs (see exceptions below.)

The Palestinian Authority and Yemen do not require tar and nicotine values to be indicated on the packs' side.

Notes and references

  1. ISO methods 3308 (general conditions), 4387 (tar), 8454 (CO) and 10315 (nicotine).
  2. WHO Scientific Advisory Committee on Tobacco Product Regulation. Recommendation on Health Claims Derived from ISO/FTC Method to Measure Cigarette Yield. 2002
  3. Tar/Nicotine ceilings will be gradually lowered in two-year intervals from 22/2 mg on March 17, 2008, to 16/1.4 mg on March 17, 2014
  4. 1 2 3 For filter cigarettes. Non filter: 16 mg tar and 1.3 mg nicotine
  5. According to the Ministry of Agriculture Draft Law, the Max. Yield of Tar/Nicotine/CO for filter cigarettes suggested to be as follows: as of 01.01.2008 - 15/1,2 (+CO regulated); as of 01.01.2010 - 12/1,0/14; as of 01.01.2012 - 10/1,0/10 respectively.
  6. As of January 2008 respective T/N/CO ceilings will be 12.0, 1.3, 13.0; as of January 2009 10.0, 1.2, 12.0; as of January 2010 10.0, 1.1, 11.0; as of January 2011 10.0, 1.0, 10.0.
  7. Ceiling values in Ukraine to be lowered to 12 mg and 1.2 mg/cigarette for tar and nicotine, respectively, as of Jan. 1, 2009

See also

Related Research Articles

Cigarette smoke is an aerosol produced by the incomplete combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes. Temperatures in burning cigarettes range from about 400 ℃ between puffs to about 900 ℃ during a puff. During the burning of the cigarette tobacco, thousands of chemical substances are generated by combustion, distillation, pyrolysis and pyrosynthesis. Tobacco smoke is used as a fumigant and inhalant.

West (cigarette) cigarette brand

West is a German brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco.

Kretek

Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word "kretek" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves.

Silk Cut Cigarette brand

Silk Cut is a British brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Gallaher Group, a division of Japan Tobacco. The packaging is characterised by a distinctive stark white packet with the brand name in a purple, blue, red, silver, white or green square.

Noblesse (cigarette)

Noblesse is an Israeli brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Dubek. The name "Noblesse" comes from the French term Noblesse oblige, which means "nobility obliges".

Cigarette filter

A cigarette filter, also known as a filter tip, is a component of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and adhesives. It does not make cigarettes less unhealthy.

Capstan is a British brand of unfiltered cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Imperial Brands. The brand dwindled in popularity when the health effects of tobacco became more widely known; few shops sell them today.

f6 (cigarette) cigarette brand

f6 is a German cigarette brand owned by Philip Morris International and produced by the f6 Cigarettenfabrik Dresden GmbH.

Ventilated cigarette type of cigarette

Ventilated cigarettes are considered to have a milder flavor than regular cigarettes. These cigarette brands may be listed as having lower levels of tar ("low-tar"), nicotine, or other chemicals as "inhaled" by a "smoking machine". However, the scientific evidence is that switching from regular to light or low-tar cigarettes does not reduce the health risks of smoking or lower the smoker's exposure to the nicotine, tar, and carcinogens present in cigarette smoke.

Kings (cigarette)

King's is a Danish brand of cigarettes owned by House of Prince.

Hope (cigarette) brand of cigarettes

This article is about the Japanese cigarette brand. For other uses, see Hope (disambiguation).

The tar derby is the period in the 1950s and early 1960s marked by a rapid influx in both cigarette advertising focused on tar content measurements to differentiate cigarettes and brand introduction or repositioning focusing on filter technology. The period ended in 1959 after the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Chairman and several cigarette company presidents agreed to discontinue usage of tar or nicotine levels in advertisements.

Smoking in Iceland

Smoking in Iceland is banned in restaurants, cafés, bars and night clubs as of June 2007. A large majority of Icelanders approve of the ban. At the time the ban went into effect, almost one in four Icelandic people were smokers.

Peter Stuyvesant (cigarette) brand of cigarettes

Peter Stuyvesant is a premium brand of cigarettes currently owned by British American Tobacco and manufactured by the American Cigarette Company. In Australia and New Zealand, the brand is manufactured by Imperial Tobacco. The cigarette brand is named after Petrus Stuyvesant, Governor of New Amsterdam, later New York City.

Esse (cigarette)

Esse is a South Korean brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation. The brand is specifically targeted towards women due to the cigarettes being slims and superslims, and because of their lower tar and nicotine content.

Roth-Händle

Roth-Händle is the name of a former company in the tobacco industry in Lahr, Germany and nowadays is a cigarette brand that is manufactured by Reemtsma, a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco since 2002.

Senoussi (cigarette) German cigarette brand

Senoussi is a German brand of cigarettes that was owned and manufactured by Reemtsma, a division of Imperial Tobacco. Possibly, the name alludes to the Libyan religious brotherhood of the Senussi, which fought against the Italians who occupied Libya during World War I.

Alfa (cigarette)

Alfa was an Italian brand of cigarettes, which was owned by BAT Italia, a subsisidary of British American Tobacco. In Japan, the brand is still being manufactured by Japan Tobacco.

Gunston (cigarette)

Gunston is a South African brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by BAT South Africa, a subsidiary of British American Tobacco.