The Tar, Nicotine and Carbon monoxyde ceilings (or TNCO ceilings) are the average upper limits on total aerosol residue, nicotine and carbon monoxide contents of a cigarette, as measured on a smoking machine and according to a given set of ISO standards. [1] Because these refer to machine-generated yields rather than the average smoker's intake, these values have often been decried as misleading. [2]
Tar is the common name for the resinous, partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking. Tar is toxic and damages the smoker's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes. Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth, damaging gums, and desensitizing taste buds. Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for example, are genotoxic via epoxidation.
Nicotine is a stimulant and potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is naturally produced in the nightshade family of plants and used for the treatment of tobacco use disorders as a smoking cessation aid and nicotine dependence for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits where it acts as a receptor antagonist.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air. It is toxic to animals that use hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone.
A growing number of countries are nevertheless using such values as upper yield limitations for the cigarettes marketed under their jurisdiction.
A cigarette, also known colloquially as a fag in British English, is a narrow cylinder containing psychoactive material, usually tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. Most cigarettes contain a "reconstituted tobacco" product known as "sheet", which consists of "recycled [tobacco] stems, stalks, scraps, collected dust, and floor sweepings", to which are added glue, chemicals and fillers; the product is then sprayed with nicotine that was extracted from the tobacco scraps, and shaped into curls. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder and allowing smoke to be inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth. Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although this does not make them safer. Cigarette manufacturers have described cigarettes as a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form. Cigarettes are addictive and cause cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and other health problems.
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 1.5 | - | 2007 07 | |
15 | 2 | - | 2005 01 | |
12 | 0.8 | - | ||
12 | 1.2 | - | 2006 06 | |
(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)
Most countries on the continent do not impose maximum values for either tar, nicotine or CO, but Burkina Faso, Benin, Cape Verde, Morocco nevertheless demand that yield values be reported on pack.
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2018 population estimate by the United Nations was 19,751,651. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Roughly 40% of the population speaks the Mossi language. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé. Its capital is Ouagadougou.
Benin, officially the Republic of Benin and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres (44,310 sq mi) and its population in 2016 was estimated to be approximately 10.87 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean. It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. In ancient times these islands were referred to as "the Islands of the Blessed" or the "Fortunate Isles". Located 570 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula off the coast of Northwest Africa, the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 1.1 | - | 1995 11 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2001 12 | |
(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)
Whereas Ecuador prohibits the indication of TNCO yields, Canada, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama and Peru require these values to be indicated without mandating upper limits. Canada demands values measured both with ISO standards and Health Canada's Intensive Method, as well as the yields for formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and benzene.
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland. The capital city is Quito and the largest city as well.
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2016, the country had a population of approximately 6.34 million.
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 1.3 | - | 2008 02 | |
11 | - | - | 2013 01 | |
17 | - | - | 1999 07 | |
20 | 1.5 | - | 1996 08 | |
10 | 1.0 | 10 | 1993 05 | |
15 | 1.4 | - | - | |
8 | 0.7 | - | - | |
10 | 1.0 | - | 2013 03 | |
12 | 1.2 | - | 2007 07 | |
24 | 2.2 | - | 2007 03 [3] | |
(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs (see exceptions below).)
Although many countries in the region do not impose formal ceilings, some still request that tar and nicotine yield values be indicated on the pack (India, Indonesia, Japan). In Brunei, Malaysia and Vietnam, on the other hand, measured values must only be reported to the government.
India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands, and at 1,904,569 square kilometres, the 14th largest by land area and the 7th largest in combined sea and land area. With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, contains more than half of the country's population.
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south.
HARA<BE
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 1 | 10 | 2007 05 | |
14 [4] | 1.2 | - | 2005 12 | |
14 | 1.2 | - | - | |
12 | - | - | - | |
10 | 1 | - | 2005 04 | |
14 [4] | 1.2 | - | 2003 07 | |
14 [4] | 1.2 | - | ||
10 | 1 | 10 | 2008 03 | |
15 | 1.2 | - | 2008 01 [5] | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 02 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2010 06 | |
14 [6] | 1.4 | 14 | 2007 01 | |
16 | 1.4 | - | - | |
15 [7] | 1.3 | - | 1997 07 | |
16 | 1.4 | - | - | |
(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs.)
While Kosovo should soon enact regulation imposing ceilings, Bosnia-Herzegovina only requires tar and nicotine yields to be indicated, without imposing maximal values.
Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a partially recognized state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe.
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2008 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 05 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 05 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2006 06 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2007 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 04 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2003 09 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 10 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 10 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 06 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 04 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 03 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2007 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2006 07 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2004 10 | |
10 | 1 | 10 | 2003 09 | |
(All values in mg/cigarette.)
Current regulations are based on European Union directive "2001/37" (PDF). (220 KiB). All yields must be indicated on the side of the pack with a minimum surface area of 10%, except for Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, Luxembourg, Malta (12%), Liechtenstein & Switzerland (15%) and Italy (20%).
The maximum levels have been previously limited to 15 mg tar (1992), then to 12 mg tar (01-1998), without maximum levels for nicotine and CO.
Country | Tar | Nicotine | CO | As of |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
10 | 1 | 15 | 2004 01 | |
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
25 | 1.6 | - | 2005 07 | |
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
13 | 1.1 | 10.5 | 2007 01 | |
12 | 1 | 10 | 2007 01 | |
10 | 0.6 | 12 | 1995 01 | |
12 | 0.8 | - | 1995 01 | |
(All values in mg/cigarette and must be reported on packs (see exceptions below.)
The Palestinian Authority and Yemen do not require tar and nicotine values to be indicated on the packs' side.
Cigarette smoke is an aerosol produced by the incomplete combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes. Temperatures in burning cigarettes range from about 400 ℃ between puffs to about 900 ℃ during a puff. During the burning of the cigarette tobacco, thousands of chemical substances are generated by combustion, distillation, pyrolysis and pyrosynthesis. Tobacco smoke is used as a fumigant and inhalant.
West is a German brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco.
Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word "kretek" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves.
Silk Cut is a British brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Gallaher Group, a division of Japan Tobacco. The packaging is characterised by a distinctive stark white packet with the brand name in a purple, blue, red, silver, white or green square.
Noblesse is an Israeli brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Dubek. The name "Noblesse" comes from the French term Noblesse oblige, which means "nobility obliges".
A cigarette filter, also known as a filter tip, is a component of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and adhesives. It does not make cigarettes less unhealthy.
Capstan is a British brand of unfiltered cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Imperial Brands. The brand dwindled in popularity when the health effects of tobacco became more widely known; few shops sell them today.
f6 is a German cigarette brand owned by Philip Morris International and produced by the f6 Cigarettenfabrik Dresden GmbH.
Ventilated cigarettes are considered to have a milder flavor than regular cigarettes. These cigarette brands may be listed as having lower levels of tar ("low-tar"), nicotine, or other chemicals as "inhaled" by a "smoking machine". However, the scientific evidence is that switching from regular to light or low-tar cigarettes does not reduce the health risks of smoking or lower the smoker's exposure to the nicotine, tar, and carcinogens present in cigarette smoke.
King's is a Danish brand of cigarettes owned by House of Prince.
This article is about the Japanese cigarette brand. For other uses, see Hope (disambiguation).
The tar derby is the period in the 1950s and early 1960s marked by a rapid influx in both cigarette advertising focused on tar content measurements to differentiate cigarettes and brand introduction or repositioning focusing on filter technology. The period ended in 1959 after the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Chairman and several cigarette company presidents agreed to discontinue usage of tar or nicotine levels in advertisements.
Smoking in Iceland is banned in restaurants, cafés, bars and night clubs as of June 2007. A large majority of Icelanders approve of the ban. At the time the ban went into effect, almost one in four Icelandic people were smokers.
Peter Stuyvesant is a premium brand of cigarettes currently owned by British American Tobacco and manufactured by the American Cigarette Company. In Australia and New Zealand, the brand is manufactured by Imperial Tobacco. The cigarette brand is named after Petrus Stuyvesant, Governor of New Amsterdam, later New York City.
Esse is a South Korean brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation. The brand is specifically targeted towards women due to the cigarettes being slims and superslims, and because of their lower tar and nicotine content.
Roth-Händle is the name of a former company in the tobacco industry in Lahr, Germany and nowadays is a cigarette brand that is manufactured by Reemtsma, a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco since 2002.
Senoussi is a German brand of cigarettes that was owned and manufactured by Reemtsma, a division of Imperial Tobacco. Possibly, the name alludes to the Libyan religious brotherhood of the Senussi, which fought against the Italians who occupied Libya during World War I.
Alfa was an Italian brand of cigarettes, which was owned by BAT Italia, a subsisidary of British American Tobacco. In Japan, the brand is still being manufactured by Japan Tobacco.
Gunston is a South African brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by BAT South Africa, a subsidiary of British American Tobacco.