TTC19

Last updated
TTC19
Identifiers
Aliases TTC19 , 2010204O13Rik, MC3DN2, tetratricopeptide repeat domain 19
External IDs OMIM: 613814 MGI: 1920045 HomoloGene: 9831 GeneCards: TTC19
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

54902

72795

Ensembl

ENSG00000011295

ENSMUSG00000042298

UniProt

Q6DKK2

Q8CC21

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001271420
NM_017775

NM_028360
NM_029704

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001258349
NP_060245
NP_060245.3

NP_082636
NP_083980

Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 16 – 16.05 Mb Chr 11: 62.17 – 62.22 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 19, also known as TPR repeat protein 19 or Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 19, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC19 gene. This gene encodes a protein with a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain containing several TPRs of about 34 amino acids each. These repeats are found in a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi and plants, and are involved in a variety of functions including protein-protein interactions. This protein is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is involved in the formation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain III. It has also been suggested that this protein plays a role in cytokinesis. Mutations in this gene cause mitochondrial complex III deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [5]

Contents

Structure

The TTC19 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 17 at position 12 and it spans 46,048 base pairs. [5] The TTC19 gene produces a 16 kDa protein composed of 149 amino acids. [6] [7] TTC19 is a subunit of the enzyme Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (UQCR, Complex III or Cytochrome bc1 complex) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MTCYTB (mitochondrial cytochrome b) and ten nuclear genes: UQCRC1, UQCRC2, Cytochrome c1, UQCRFS1 (Rieske protein), UQCRB, "14kDa protein", UQCRH (cyt c1 Hinge protein), Rieske Protein presequence, "cyt. c1 associated protein", and "Rieske-associated protein". [5] The structure of the complex is a symmetric homodimer composed of one mitochondrial genome encoded cytochrome b subunit and ten other nucleus encoded subunits. [8]

Function

The TTC19 gene encodes for one of the ten nuclear proteins essential for the assembly and function of the Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase or Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase is responsible for catalyzing the transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q to cytochrome c as well as pumping protons from the matrix into the inner membrane which results in the generation of an ATP-coupled electrochemical potential. The TTC19 subunit is necessary for the preservation of the structural and functional integrity of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase, which is achieved by allowance of the physiological turnover of the Rieske protein (UQCRFS1). [9] [10] [11] [12] It also participates in the clearance of UQCRFS1 N-terminal fragments which are produced by the addition of UQCRFS1 into the Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase and whose presence may lead to the failure of the complex's catalytic activity. [9] [10] [11]

Clinical significance

Variants of TTC19 have been associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear 2 (MC3DN2). TTC19 is known to cause this deficiency through the failed assembly of the Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase. [13] Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear (type 2) is a diverse group of neuromuscular and multi-systemic disorders caused by a dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which may result in highly variable phenotype depending on which tissues are affected. Clinical features include mitochondrial encephalopathy, psychomotor retardation, ataxia, severe failure to thrive, liver dysfunction, renal tubulopathy, muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. [10] [11] [12] In addition, mutations in TTC19 is also known to be associated with various neurological disorders in both childhood and adulthood. All Pathogenic mutations of this gene have been reported to be nonsense mutations. Such mutations have included (c.937C>T; p. Q313X), (c.157_158dup), and (c.829C > T; p.Q277*). [14] [15] [16]

Interactions

TTC19 binds to the mature mitochondrial complex III dimer after the incorporation of the Rieske protein UQCRFS1. Additional interactions include interactions with proteins UQCRC1, UQCRFS1 (by similarity), ZFYVE26, and CHMP4B. [10] [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase</span> Class of enzymes

The coenzyme Q : cytochrome c – oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain, playing a critical role in biochemical generation of ATP. Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes. Complex III is present in the mitochondria of all animals and all aerobic eukaryotes and the inner membranes of most eubacteria. Mutations in Complex III cause exercise intolerance as well as multisystem disorders. The bc1 complex contains 11 subunits, 3 respiratory subunits, 2 core proteins and 6 low-molecular weight proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rieske protein</span> Protein family with an iron–sulfur center transferring electrons

Rieske proteins are iron–sulfur protein (ISP) components of cytochrome bc1 complexes and cytochrome b6f complexes and are responsible for electron transfer in some biological systems. John S. Rieske and co-workers first discovered the protein and in 1964 isolated an acetylated form of the bovine mitochondrial protein. In 1979 Trumpower's lab isolated the "oxidation factor" from bovine mitochondria and showed it was a reconstitutively-active form of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein
It is a unique [2Fe-2S] cluster in that one of the two Fe atoms is coordinated by two histidine residues rather than two cysteine residues. They have since been found in plants, animals, and bacteria with widely ranging electron reduction potentials from -150 to +400 mV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</span> Enzyme of the respiratory chain encoded by the mitochondrial genome

Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene in eukaryotes. The gene is also called COX1, CO1, or COI. Cytochrome c oxidase I is the main subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. In humans, mutations in MT-CO1 have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, Complex IV deficiency, colorectal cancer, sensorineural deafness, and recurrent myoglobinuria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III</span> Enzyme of the respiratory chain encoded by the mitochondrial genome

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO3 gene. It is one of main transmembrane subunits of cytochrome c oxidase. It is also one of the three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded subunits of respiratory complex IV. Variants of it have been associated with isolated myopathy, severe encephalomyopathy, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, and recurrent myoglobinuria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MT-CYB</span> A mitochondrial protein-coding gene whose product is involved in the respiratory chain

Cytochrome b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CYB gene. Its gene product is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase, which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MT-CYB, and ten nuclear genes—UQCRC1, UQCRC2, CYC1, UQCRFS1, UQCRB, "11kDa protein", UQCRH, Rieske protein presequence, "cyt c1 associated protein", and Rieske-associated protein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CYC1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial (CYC1), also known as UQCR4, MC3DN6, Complex III subunit 4, Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 4, or Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex cytochrome c1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYC1 gene. CYC1 is a respiratory subunit of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is part of the electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene may cause mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear, type 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRC1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRC1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BCS1L</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mitochondrial chaperone BCS1 (BCS1L), also known as BCS1 homolog, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone (h-BCS1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCS1L gene. BCS1L is a chaperone protein involved in the assembly of Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is part of the electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency, GRACILE syndrome, and Bjoernstad syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NDUFS1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial (NDUFS1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS1 gene. The encoded protein, NDUFS1, is the largest subunit of complex I, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is important for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency.

An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex , also known as UCRC or UQCR10, is a human gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRB</span> Protein

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein, also known as UQCRB, Complex III subunit 7, QP-C, or Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex 14 kDa protein is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UQCRB gene. This gene encodes a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex, which consists of one mitochondrial-encoded and 10 nuclear-encoded subunits. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 5 and X.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRC2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial (UQCRC2), also known as QCR2, UQCR2, or MC3DN5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRC2 gene. The product of UQCRC2 is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase, which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MTCYTB and ten nuclear genes: UQCRC1, UQCRC2, Cytochrome c1, UQCRFS1, UQCRB, "11kDa protein", UQCRH, Rieske Protein presequence, "cyt. c1 associated protein", and "Rieske-associated protein." Defects in UQCRC2 are associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear, type 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRFS1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1, also known as UQCRFS1, Rieske iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein, Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 5, or Complex III subunit 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UQCRFS1 gene. UQCRFS1 is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase, which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MTCYTB and ten nuclear genes UQCRC1, UQCRC2, Cytochrome C1, UQCRFS1, UQCRB,UQCRQ, UQCRH, UCRC, and UQCR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRH</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRH gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCR11</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

UQCR11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCR11 gene. UQCR11 is the smallest known component of Complex III in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCRQ</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit VII, 9.5kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCRQ gene. This ubiqinone-binding protein is a subunit of mitochondrial Complex III in the electron transport chain. A mutation in the UQCRQ gene has been shown to cause severe neurological disorders. Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi can cause oxidative modification of this protein in cardiac muscle tissue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCC2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCC2 gene. Located in the mitochondrial nucleoid, this protein is a complex III assembly factor, playing a role in cytochrome b biogenesis along with the UQCC1 protein. It regulates insulin secretion and mitochondrial ATP production and oxygen consumption. In the sole recorded case, a mutation in the UQCC2 gene caused Complex III deficiency, characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, neonatal lactic acidosis, and renal tubular dysfunction.

LYR motif containing 7, also known as Complex III assembly factor LYRM7 or LYR motif-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYRM7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial matrix protein that stabilizes UQCRFS1 and chaperones it to the CIII complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 8. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UQCC3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UQCC3 gene. Located in mitochondria, this protein is involved in the assembly of mitochondrial Complex III, stabilizing supercomplexes containing Complex III. Mutations in the UQCC3 gene cause Complex III deficiency with symptoms of hypoglycemia, hypotonia, lactic acidosis, and developmental delays. This protein plays an important role as an antiviral factor, bolstering the ability of cells to inhibit viral replication, independent of interferon production. The UQCC3 protein can be cleaved by OMA1 metalloprotease during mitochondrial depolarization, targeting the cell for apoptosis. Depletion of this protein alters cardiolipin composition, causing cellular and mitochondrial defects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COA7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7 (putative) (COA7), also known as Beta-lactamase hap-like protein, Respiratory chain assembly factor 1 (RESA1), Sel1 repeat-containing protein 1 (SELRC1), or C1orf163 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COA7 gene. The protein encoded by COA7 is an assembly factor important for the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Mutations in COA7 have been associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency resulting in spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy type 3 and mitochondrial myopathy.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000011295 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000042298 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 19" . Retrieved 2018-08-01.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC   4076475 . PMID   23965338.
  7. ↑ "TTC19 - Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 19, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
  8. ↑ Gil Borlado MC, Moreno Lastres D, Gonzalez Hoyuela M, Moran M, Blazquez A, Pello R, Marin Buera L, Gabaldon T, Garcia Peñas JJ, Martín MA, Arenas J, Ugalde C (September 2010). "Impact of the mitochondrial genetic background in complex III deficiency". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12801. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512801G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012801 . PMC   2941448 . PMID   20862300.
  9. 1 2 Bottani, E; Cerutti, R; Harbour, ME; Ravaglia, S; Dogan, SA; Giordano, C; Fearnley, IM; D'Amati, G; Viscomi, C; Fernandez-Vizarra, E; Zeviani, M (6 July 2017). "TTC19 Plays a Husbandry Role on UQCRFS1 Turnover in the Biogenesis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex III". Molecular Cell. 67 (1): 96–105.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.001 . PMID   28673544.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "TTC19 - Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 19, mitochondrial precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - TTC19 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31. Creative Commons by small.svg  This article incorporates [www.uniprot.org text]by UniProt available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D158–D169. January 2017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1099. PMC   5210571 . PMID   27899622.
  12. 1 2 Ghezzi D, Arzuffi P, Zordan M, Da Re C, Lamperti C, Benna C, D'Adamo P, Diodato D, Costa R, Mariotti C, Uziel G, Smiderle C, Zeviani M (March 2011). "Mutations in TTC19 cause mitochondrial complex III deficiency and neurological impairment in humans and flies". Nat. Genet. 43 (3): 259–63. doi:10.1038/ng.761. PMID   21278747. S2CID   22966332.
  13. ↑ Nogueira C, Barros J, Sá MJ, Azevedo L, Taipa R, Torraco A, Meschini MC, Verrigni D, Nesti C, Rizza T, Teixeira J, Carrozzo R, Pires MM, Vilarinho L, Santorelli FM (May 2013). "Novel TTC19 mutation in a family with severe psychiatric manifestations and complex III deficiency". Neurogenetics. 14 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1007/s10048-013-0361-1. PMID   23532514. S2CID   6618051.
  14. ↑ Morino H, Miyamoto R, Ohnishi S, Maruyama H, Kawakami H (January 2014). "Exome sequencing reveals a novel TTC19 mutation in an autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia patient". BMC Neurol. 14: 5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-5 . PMC   3890717 . PMID   24397319.
  15. ↑ Mordaunt DA, Jolley A, Balasubramaniam S, Thorburn DR, Mountford HS, Compton AG, Nicholl J, Manton N, Clark D, Bratkovic D, Friend K, Yu S (June 2015). "Phenotypic variation of TTC19-deficient mitochondrial complex III deficiency: a case report and literature review". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 167 (6): 1330–6. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36968. PMID   25899669. S2CID   27159035.
  16. ↑ Kunii, M; Doi, H; Higashiyama, Y; Kugimoto, C; Ueda, N; Hirata, J; Tomita-Katsumoto, A; Kashikura-Kojima, M; Kubota, S; Taniguchi, M; Murayama, K; Nakashima, M; Tsurusaki, Y; Miyake, N; Saitsu, H; Matsumoto, N; Tanaka, F (April 2015). "A Japanese case of cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraparesis and deep sensory impairment associated with a novel homozygous TTC19 mutation". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (4): 187–91. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2015.7 . PMID   25652355. S2CID   25347926.

Further reading

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