Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride

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Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride
PPh4Cl.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Tetraphenylphosphanium chloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.016.265 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 217-890-3
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C24H20P.ClH/c1-5-13-21(14-6-1)25(22-15-7-2-8-16-22,23-17-9-3-10-18-23)24-19-11-4-12-20-24;/h1-20H;1H/q+1;/p-1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: WAGFXJQAIZNSEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1S/C24H20P.ClH/c1-5-13-21(14-6-1)25(22-15-7-2-8-16-22,23-17-9-3-10-18-23)24-19-11-4-12-20-24;/h1-20H;1H/q+1;/p-1
    Key: WAGFXJQAIZNSEQ-REWHXWOFAO
  • Key: WAGFXJQAIZNSEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
  • [Cl-].c1c(cccc1)[P+](c2ccccc2)(c3ccccc3)c4ccccc4
Properties
[P(C6H5)4]Cl
Molar mass 374.85 g·mol−1
Appearancecolourless solid
Density 1.27 g dm−3
Melting point 272 to 274 °C (522 to 525 °F; 545 to 547 K)
Hazards
GHS labelling: [1]
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [(C6H5)4P]Cl, abbreviated Ph4PCl or PPh4Cl or [PPh4]Cl, where Ph stands for phenyl. Tetraphenylphosphonium and especially tetraphenylarsonium salts were formerly of interest in gravimetric analysis of perchlorate and related oxyanions. This colourless salt is used to generate lipophilic salts from inorganic and organometallic anions. Thus, [Ph4P]+ is useful as a phase-transfer catalyst, again because it allows inorganic anions to dissolve in organic solvents.

Contents

Structure and basic properties

The structure of this salt is [PPh4]+Cl−. It consists of tetraphenylphosphonium cations [PPh4]+ and chloride anions Cl−. The [PPh4]+ cation is tetrahedral.

PPh4Cl crystallises as the anhydrous salt, [2] which is the normal item of commerce, as well as a monohydrate [3] and a dihydrate. [4]

In X-ray crystallography, PPh+4 salts are of interest as they often crystallise easily. The rigidity of the phenyl groups facilitates packing and elevates the melting point relative to alkyl-based quaternary ammonium salts. Also, since these salts are soluble in organic media, a wide range of solvents can be employed for their crystallisation.

Tetraphenylphosphonium-chloride-from-xtal-3D-SF.png Tetraphenylphosphonium-chloride-xtal-3D-SF.png Tetraphenylphosphonium-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png
constituent ions in the solid space-filling model of part
of the crystal structure 		ball-and-stick model of part
of the crystal structure

Preparation

[PPh4]Cl and many analogous compounds can be prepared by the reaction of chlorobenzene with triphenylphosphine catalysed by nickel salts: [5]

PhCl + PPh3 → [Ph4P]Cl

The compound was originally prepared as the corresponding bromide salt (CAS No. 2751-90-8), which in turn was synthesized by passing dry oxygen through the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and triphenylphosphine. [6] The synthesis probably proceeds via the reaction of the Grignard reagent with triphenylphosphine oxide.

PhMgBr + Ph3PO → [Ph4P]OMgBr
[Ph4P]OMgBr + HBr → [Ph4P]Br + "Mg(OH)Br"

Use in synthesis

Tetraphenylphosphonium salts of inorganic or organometallic anions are often sought because they are easily crystallized. They also tend to be soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and dimethylformamide. Examples include the tetraphenylphosphonium perrhenate ([PPh4]+[ReO4]−) [7] and various thiomolybdates. [8] Complexes of maleonitriledithiolate are also isolated as their [PPh4]+ salts. [9]

Related Research Articles

In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphonium</span> Family of polyatomic cations containing phosphorus

In chemistry, the term phosphonium describes polyatomic cations with the chemical formula PR+
4. These cations have tetrahedral structures. The salts are generally colorless or take the color of the anions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triphenylphosphine</span> Chemical compound

Triphenylphosphine (IUPAC name: triphenylphosphane) is a common organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H5)3 and often abbreviated to PPh3 or Ph3P. It is versatile compound that is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a ligand for transition metal complexes, including ones that serve as catalysts in organometallic chemistry. PPh3 exists as relatively air stable, colorless crystals at room temperature. It dissolves in non-polar organic solvents such as benzene and diethyl ether.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula RhCl3(H2O)n, where n varies from 0 to 3. These are diamagnetic solids featuring octahedral Rh(III) centres. Depending on the value of n, the material is either a dense brown solid or a soluble reddish salt. The soluble trihydrated (n = 3) salt is widely used to prepare compounds used in homogeneous catalysis, notably for the industrial production of acetic acid and hydroformylation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Counterion</span> Ion which negates another oppositely-charged ion in an ionic molecule

In chemistry, a counterion is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality. In table salt the sodium ion is the counterion for the chloride ion and vice versa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(I) iodide</span> Chemical compound

Copper(I) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula CuI. It is also known as cuprous iodide. It is useful in a variety of applications ranging from organic synthesis to cloud seeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)</span> Chemical compound

Chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) or triphenylphosphinegold(I) chloride is a coordination complex with the formula (Ph3P)AuCl. This colorless solid is a common reagent for research on gold compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(I) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Copper(I) bromide is the chemical compound with the formula CuBr. This diamagnetic solid adopts a polymeric structure akin to that for zinc sulfide. The compound is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds and as a lasing medium in copper bromide lasers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [( 3P)2N]Cl, often abbreviated [(Ph3P)2N]Cl, where Ph is phenyl C6H5, or even abbreviated [PPN]Cl or [PNP]Cl or PPNCl or PNPCl, where PPN or PNP stands for (Ph3P)2N. This colorless salt is a source of the [(Ph3P)2N]+ cation, which is used as an unreactive and weakly coordinating cation to isolate reactive anions. [(Ph3P)2N]+ is a phosphazene.

There are three sets of Indium halides, the trihalides, the monohalides, and several intermediate halides. In the monohalides the oxidation state of indium is +1 and their proper names are indium(I) fluoride, indium(I) chloride, indium(I) bromide and indium(I) iodide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium tetrachloroplatinate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) is the chemical compound with the formula K2PtCl4. This reddish orange salt is an important reagent for the preparation of other coordination complexes of platinum. It consists of potassium cations and the square planar dianion PtCl42−. Related salts are also known including Na2PtCl4, which is brown-colored and soluble in alcohols, and quaternary ammonium salts, which are soluble in a broader range of organic solvents.

The perrhenate ion is the anion with the formula ReO−
4, or a compound containing this ion. The perrhenate anion is tetrahedral, being similar in size and shape to perchlorate and the valence isoelectronic permanganate. The perrhenate anion is stable over a broad pH range and can be precipitated from solutions with the use of organic cations. At normal pH, perrhenate exists as metaperrhenate, but at high pH mesoperrhenate forms. Perrhenate, like its conjugate acid perrhenic acid, features rhenium in the oxidation state of +7 with a d0 configuration. Solid perrhenate salts takes on the color of the cation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal halides</span>

Metal halides are compounds between metals and halogens. Some, such as sodium chloride are ionic, while others are covalently bonded. A few metal halides are discrete molecules, such as uranium hexafluoride, but most adopt polymeric structures, such as palladium chloride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium carbonyl chloride</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium carbonyl chloride is an organorhodium compound with the formula Rh2Cl2(CO)4. It is a red-brown volatile solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It is a precursor to other rhodium carbonyl complexes, some of which are useful in homogeneous catalysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transition metal chloride complex</span> Coordination complex

In chemistry, a transition metal chloride complex is a coordination complex that consists of a transition metal coordinated to one or more chloride ligand. The class of complexes is extensive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrabutylammonium chloride</span> Quaternary ammonium salt of chloride

Tetrabutylammonium chloride is the organic compound with the formula (C4H9)4NCl. A white water-soluble solid, it is a quaternary ammonium salt of chloride. It is a precursor to other tetrabutylammonium salts. Often tetrabutylammonium bromide is preferred as a source of tetrabutylammonium because it is less hygroscopic than the chloride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentaphenylphosphorus</span> Chemical compound

Pentaphenylphosphorus is an organic phosphorane containing five phenyl groups connected to a central phosphorus atom. The phosphorus atom is considered to be in the +5 oxidation state. The chemical formula could be written as P(C6H5)5 or Ph5P, where Ph represents the phenyl group. It was discovered and reported in 1949 by Georg Wittig.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetraphenylarsonium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Tetraphenylarsonium chloride is the organoarsenic compound with the formula (C6H5)4AsCl. This white solid is the chloride salt of the tetraphenylarsonium cation, which is tetrahedral. Typical of related quat salts, it is soluble in polar organic solvents. It often is used as a hydrate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transition metal ether complex</span>

In chemistry, a transition metal ether complex is a coordination complex consisting of a transition metal bonded to one or more ether ligand. The inventory of complexes is extensive. Common ether ligands are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Common chelating ether ligands include the glymes, dimethoxyethane (dme) and diglyme, and the crown ethers. Being lipophilic, metal-ether complexes often exhibit solubility in organic solvents, a property of interest in synthetic chemistry. In contrast, the di-ether 1,4-dioxane is generally a bridging ligand.

References

  1. ↑ "Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  2. ↑ Richardson, J. F.; Ball, J. M.; Boorman, P. M. (1986). "Structure of Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride". Acta Crystallographica. C42 (9): 1271–1272. doi:10.1107/S0108270186092612.
  3. ↑ Schweizer, E. E.; Baldacchini, C. J.; Rheingold, A. L. (1989). "Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride Monohydrate, Tetraphenylphosphonium Bromide and Tetraphenylphosphonium Iodide". Acta Crystallographica. C45 (8): 1236–1239. doi:10.1107/S0108270189000363.
  4. ↑ Blake, A. J.; Garner, C. D.; Tunney, J. M. (2003). "Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride Dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica. E59: o9–o10. doi:10.1107/S1600536802021682.
  5. ↑ Marcoux, David; Charette, André B. (2008). "Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Phosphonium Salts from Aryl Halides and Triphenylphosphine". Adv. Synth. Catal. 350 (18): 2967–2974. doi:10.1002/adsc.200800542.
  6. ↑ Dodonow, J.; Medox, H. (1928). "Zur Kenntnis der Grignardschen Reaktion: Über die Darstellung von Tetraphenyl-phosphoniumsalzen". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 61 (5): 907–911. doi:10.1002/cber.19280610505.
  7. ↑ Dilworth, J. R.; Hussain, W.; Hutson, A. J.; Jones, C. J.; McQuillan, F. S. (1996). "Tetrahalo Oxorhenate Anions". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. XXXI. pp. 257–262. doi:10.1002/9780470132623.ch42. ISBN   9780470132623.
  8. ↑ Hadjikyriacou, A. I.; Coucouvanis, D. (1990). "Tetraphenylphosphonium Salts of [Mo2 (S) N (S2 )6-N ]2- Thioanions and Derivatives". Tetraphenylphosphonium Salts of [Mo2(S)n(S2)6-n]2- Thioanions and Derivatives. Inorganic Syntheses. pp. 39–47volume=XXVII. doi:10.1002/9780470132586.ch8. ISBN   9780470132586.
  9. ↑ Bray, J.; Locke, J.; McCleverty, J. A.; Coucouvanis, D. (1972). "Bis[cis -1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolato(1- or 2-)] Complexes of Cobalt and Iron". Bis[cis-1,2-Dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolato(1- or 2-)] Complexes of Cobalt and Iron. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. XIII. pp. 187–195. doi:10.1002/9780470132449.ch39. ISBN   9780470132449.
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