Tetrosomus gibbosus

Last updated

Camel cowfish
Pez cofre jorobado (Tetrosomus gibbosus), parque nacional Ras Muhammad, Egipto, 2022-03-27, DD 146.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Ostraciidae
Genus: Tetrosomus
Species:
T. gibbosus
Binomial name
Tetrosomus gibbosus

Tetrosomus gibbosus, commonly called camel cowfish because of the hump on its dorsal keel, is one of 22 species in the boxfish family, Ostraciidae. [2] It is a ray finned fish. Other common names include helmet cowfish, humpback turretfish and thornbacked boxfish. It is most closely related to T. reipublicae , the smallspine turretfish. [3] T. gibbosus is a species of boxfish found in the wide Indo-West Pacific. It has been recorded since 1988 on rare occasions in the Levantine waters of the Mediterranean Sea, likely following entry via the Suez Canal. [4] It is the first species from the family Ostraciidae to be found in the Mediterranean Sea. [5]

Contents

It carries some value in the aquarium trade, but is difficult to keep. [6]

Description

Humpback Turretfish - Tetrosomus gibbosus 2.jpg

T. gibbosus is normally around 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long when it is fully grown, but can reach up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in length. [7] Fish in the genus Tetrosomus are characterized by the presence of a carapace, a hard upper shell formed by thick scale plates. [3] The body is completely encased in this bony shell, except for a few small openings such as the mouth, eyes, and gills. [8] The mouth is small with fleshy lips and conical teeth usually numbering less than 15. [8]

Biology

T. gibbosus has poisonous flesh, organs, and spines, and is known to secret poisonous mucus in defense or when it is disturbed. [7] This poison can be fatal to humans or other marine organisms that come into contact with it. [7] T. gibbosus is hermaphroditic; all individuals of this species are born female, but some may change into males as they grow. [7] Juveniles live together in small schools, but individuals become solitary as they mature into adulthood. [7] T. gibbosus is an omnivorous species, and its diet is known to include seaweeds, sponges, molluscs, worms, and crustaceans found on the bottom of its habitat. [7]

Distribution and habitat

T. gibbosus lives in shallow tropical waters or warm seas with muddy bottoms and can sometimes be seen near shallow seagrass beds. [9] [8] It is also found in coral reefs. [10] It is considered an endangered species in the South China Sea. [10]

Lessepsian migration

A Lessepsian migration refers to the migration of a marine species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. A species is considered Lessepsian when it has completed this migration and established a population. T. gibbosus was first found in the Mediterranean Sea in 1988. [11] Both the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have similar salinity levels and temperature ranges, which allows for an easier transition between of these bodies of water. [12] [5] It is thought that Lessepsian species migrated due to changing climates, since the geographic land barrier was removed when the Suez Canal was completed. [11] T. gibbosus is now considered an invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea, as this is not included in its native distribution. [11] It is also considered an established species because it has established a growing population and has been found in multiple locations. [12] It is the first species from the family Ostraciidae to be found in the Mediterranean Sea. [5] Due to its inability to swim long distances, T. gibbosus likely took multiple generations to migrate from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea; this is thought to have happened, in part, from northward currents moving eggs and larvae north towards the Mediterranean Sea. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redtoothed triggerfish</span> Species of fish

The Redtoothed triggerfish is a triggerfish of the tropical Indo-Pacific area, and the sole member of its genus. Some other common names include blue triggerfish, redfang triggerfish, redtoothed filefish, and Niger triggerfish.

<i>Melichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Melichthys is a small genus in the triggerfish family (Balistidae). Member species are found in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and even the Red Sea. The Black triggerfish is the largest species in this genus at 45 cm in length and the Indian triggerfish is the smallest at 25 cm. Melichthys niger and Melichthys indicus are similar in appearance and are often confused.

<i>Abalistes</i> Genus of fishes

Abalistes is a small triggerfish genus found in the Indo-Pacific and eastern Atlantic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ostraciidae</span> Family of boxfishes

Ostraciidae or Ostraciontidae is a family of squared, bony fish belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, closely related to the pufferfishes and filefishes. Fish in the family are known variously as boxfishes, cofferfishes, cowfishes and trunkfishes. It contains about 23 extant species in 6 extant genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lessepsian migration</span> Unintended migration of marine species across the Suez Canal

The Lessepsian migration is the migration of marine species along the Suez Canal, usually from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and more rarely in the opposite direction. When the canal was completed in 1869, fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other marine animals and plants were exposed to an artificial passage between the two naturally separate bodies of water, and cross-contamination was made possible between formerly isolated ecosystems. The phenomenon is still occurring today. It is named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French diplomat in charge of the canal's construction.

<i>Ostracion</i> Genus of fishes

Ostracion is a genus of the boxfish family Ostraciidae. Fish in the genus are known as box puffers. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 and makes a brief appearance in Jules Verne's maritime sci-fi novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow boxfish</span> Species of fish

The yellow boxfish is a species of boxfish found in reefs throughout the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean as well as the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. Recorded occasionally since 2011 in the Levantine waters of the Mediterranean Sea which it likely entered via the Suez Canal, it is a species appreciated in the aquarium trade.

<i>Diodon</i> Genus of fishes

Porcupinefishes or balloonfishes, are any of the various species of the genus Diodon, the type genus of Diodontidae.

<i>Mola</i> (fish) Genus of fishes

A sunfish, also called a mola, is any fish in the genus Mola. The fish develop their truncated, bullet-like shape because the back fin, which is present at birth, never grows. Instead, it folds into itself as the creature matures, creating a rounded rudder called a clavus. Mola in Latin means "millstone" and describes the ocean sunfish's somewhat circular shape. They are a silvery color and have a rough skin texture.

<i>Balistes</i> Genus of fishes

Balistes is a genus of triggerfish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spikefish</span> Family of fishes

The spikefishes are ray-finned fishes related to the pufferfishes and triggerfishes. They live in deep waters; more than 50 m (160 ft), but above the continental shelves. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and the west-central Pacific.

<i>Canthidermis</i> Genus of fishes

Canthidermis is a genus of triggerfishes commonly known as ocean triggerfishes.

<i>Pseudobalistes</i> Genus of fishes

Pseudobalistes is a genus of fish belonging to the family Balistidae.

<i>Balistoides</i> Genus of fishes

Balistoides is a genus of triggerfishes native to the Indo-Pacific region.

<i>Sufflamen</i> Genus of fishes

Sufflamen is a genus of triggerfishes native to reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

<i>Xanthichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Xanthichthys is a genus of triggerfishes native to reef environments in the western Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

Xenobalistes tumidipectoris is a species of triggerfish found in the western central Pacific Ocean.

Xenobalistes is a genus of triggerfish found in the western central Pacific Ocean.

<i>Tetrosomus</i> Genus of fishes

Tetrosomus is a genus of boxfishes native to the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.

References

  1. Matsuura, K. (2010). "Tetrosomus gibbosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T154933A4671390. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154933A4671390.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. Matsuura, Keiichi (11 November 2014). "Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014". Ichthyological Research . 62 (1): 72–113. doi: 10.1007/s10228-014-0444-5 .
  3. 1 2 Santini, Francesco; Sorenson, Laurie; Marcroft, Tina; Dornburg, Alex; Alfaro, Michael E. (January 2013). "A multilocus molecular phylogeny of boxfishes (Aracanidae, Ostraciidae; Tetraodontiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 66 (1): 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.022. PMID   23036494.
  4. Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Tetrosomus gibbosus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Tetrosomus_gibbosus.pdf
  5. 1 2 3 4
    Foka, Maria; Economidis, Panos (2007). "Allochthonous and vagrant ichthyofauna in Hellenic marine and estuarine waters". Mediterranean Marine Science . Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. 8: 67–90. doi: 10.12681/MMS.163 . eISSN   1108-393X. ISSN   1791-6763. S2CID   83666960.
    This review cites this research.
    Spanier, E.; Goren, M. (May 1988). "An Indo-Pacific trunkfish Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus): first record of the family Ostracionidae in the Mediterranean". Journal of Fish Biology . 32 (5): 797–798. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05420.x. S2CID   84396752.
  6. "Saltwater Aquarium Fish for Marine Aquariums: Helmet Cowfish". www.liveaquaria.com. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ketabi, Ramin; Jamili, Shahla. "Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)". aquaticcommons.org.
  8. 1 2 3 Matsuura, Keiichi (11 November 2014). "Taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes: a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014". Ichthyological Research . 62 (1): 72–113. doi: 10.1007/s10228-014-0444-5 .
  9. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Tetrosomus gibbosus" in FishBase . April 2015 version.
  10. 1 2 Arai, Takaomi (12 September 2014). "Diversity and conservation of coral reef fishes in the Malaysian South China Sea". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries . 25 (1): 85–101. doi:10.1007/s11160-014-9371-9. S2CID   14711917.
  11. 1 2 3 Ben Rais Lasram, Frida; Mouillot, David (27 May 2008). "Increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic Mediterranean fish fauna". Biological Invasions . 11 (3): 697–711. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9284-4. S2CID   24327290.
  12. 1 2 Mavruk, Sinan; Avsar, Dursun (14 August 2007). "Non-native fishes in the Mediterranean from the Red Sea, by way of the Suez Canal". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries . 18 (3): 251–262. doi:10.1007/s11160-007-9073-7. S2CID   43648595.