Thai poetry

Poetry has been featured extensively in Thai literature, and constituted the near-exclusive majority of literary works up to the early Rattanakosin period (early 19th century). Most of imaginative literary works in Thai, before the 19th century, were composed in poetry. Consequently, although many literary works were lost with the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, Thailand still has a great number of epic poems or long poetic tales ^[1] -- some with original stories and some with stories drawn from foreign sources. The Siamese poetical medium consists of five main forms, known as khlong, chan, kap, klon and rai; some of these developed indigenously while others were borrowed from other languages. Thai poetry dates to the Sukhothai period (13th–14th centuries) and flourished under Ayutthaya (14th–18th centuries), during which it developed into its current forms. Though many works were lost to the Burmese conquest of Ayutthaya in 1767, sponsorship by subsequent kings helped revive the art, with new works created by many great poets, including Sunthorn Phu (1786–1855). Prose writing as a literary form was introduced as a Western import during the reign of King Mongkut (1851–68) and gradually gained popularity, though poetry saw a revival during the reign of King Vajiravudh (1910–25), who authored and sponsored both traditional poetry and the newer literary forms. Poetry's popularity as a mainstream form of literature gradually declined afterwards, although it is still written and read, and is regularly employed ceremonially.

Forms

Thai poetic works follow established prosodic forms, known as chanthalak (Thai : ฉันทลักษณ์, pronounced [tɕʰǎntʰalák] ). Almost all have rules governing the exact metre and rhyme structure, i.e. the number of syllables in each line and which syllable rhymes with which. Certain forms also specify the tone or tone marks of syllables; others have requirements of syllable "heaviness". Alliteration and within-line rhyming are also often employed, but are not required by the rules.

Khlong

The khlong (โคลง, [kʰlōːŋ] ) is the among oldest Thai poetic forms. This is reflected in its requirements on the tone markings of certain syllables, which must be marked with mai ek (ไม้เอก, [máj èːk] , ◌่) or mai tho (ไม้โท, [máj tʰōː] , ◌้). This was likely derived from when the Thai language had three tones (as opposed to today's five, a split which occurred during the Ayutthaya period), two of which corresponded directly to the aforementioned marks. It is usually regarded as an advanced and sophisticated poetic form. ^[2]

In khlong, a stanza (bot, บท, [bòt] ) has a number of lines (bat, บาท, [bàːt] , from Pali and Sanskrit pāda ), depending on the type. The bat are subdivided into two wak (วรรค, [wák] , from Sanskrit varga). ^{[note 1]} The first wak has five syllables, the second has a variable number, also depending on the type, and may be optional. The type of khlong is named by the number of bat in a stanza; it may also be divided into two main types: khlong suphap (โคลงสุภาพ, [kʰlōːŋ sù.pʰâːp] ) and khlong dan (โคลงดั้น, [kʰlōːŋ dân] ). The two differ in the number of syllables in the second wak of the final bat and inter-stanza rhyming rules. ^[2]

Khlong si suphap

The khlong si suphap (โคลงสี่สุภาพ, [kʰlōːŋ sìː sù.pʰâːp] ) is the most common form still currently employed. It has four bat per stanza (si translates as four). The first wak of each bat has five syllables. The second wak has two or four syllables in the first and third bat, two syllables in the second, and four syllables in the fourth. Mai ek is required for seven syllables and Mai tho is required for four, as shown below. "Dead word" syllables are allowed in place of syllables which require mai ek, and changing the spelling of words to satisfy the criteria is usually acceptable.

The following plan shows the rhyming structure of one stanza. Each letter represents a syllable; A and B (also C, D, E and F in other examples) represent rhyming syllables. Syllables shown by letters in parentheses are optional.

OOOOO		OA (OO)
OOOOA		OB
OOOOA		OO (OO)
OOOOB		OOOO

The following plan shows the tone mark requirements; each ◌ represents one syllable.

◌◌◌◌่◌้		◌◌ (◌◌)
◌◌่◌◌◌		◌่◌้
◌◌◌่◌◌		◌◌่ (◌◌)
◌◌่◌◌◌้		◌่◌้◌◌

Chan

The chan (ฉันท์, [tɕʰǎn] from Pali chando), is derived from Pali and Sanskrit metres, and based on the Vuttodaya, a Sri Lankan treatise on Pali prosody. It developed during the Ayutthaya period, and became a prominent poetic form, but declined afterwards until it resurfaced in a 1913 revival. ^[3]

The main feature of the chan is its requirements on the "heaviness" of each syllable. Syllables are classified as either "light" (lahu, ลหุ, [lahù] ), those with a short vowel and open ending, or "heavy" (kharu, ครุ, [kʰarú] ; See also Light and heavy syllables under Sanskrit prosody). The Thai metres follow their Pali/Sanskrit origins, with added rhyming schemes. Modern authors have also invented new forms for their compositions. Two traditional forms are shown here. ^[3]

Inthrawichian chan

The inthrawichian chan (อินทรวิเชียรฉันท์, [īn.tʰrá.wí.tɕʰīːan tɕʰǎn] , from Indravajra, a form of Sanskrit poetry and meaning Indra's thunderbolt) has two bat per stanza, with eleven syllables in each bat, following the pattern HHLHH LLHLHH (H represents heavy and L represents light syllables):

HHLHH		LLHLHH
HHLHH		LLHLHH

The rhyming scheme (which is identical to that of kap yani, see below) is shown here in two stanzas:

OOOOA		OOAOOB
OOOOB		OOOOOC
OOOOD		OODOOC
OOOOC		OOOOOO

Wasantadilok chan

The wasantadilok chanวสันตดิลกฉันท์, [wá.sǎn.tà.dì.lòk tɕʰǎn] , from Sanskrit vasantatilaka) has fourteen syllables per bat, with the pattern HHLHLLLH LLHLHH:

HHLHLLLH		LLHLHH
HHLHLLLH		LLHLHH

The following plan shows the rhyme structure in two stanzas.

OOOOOOOA		OOAOOB
OOOOOOOB		OOOOOC
OOOOOOOD		OODOOC
OOOOOOOC		OOOOOO

Kap

There are several forms of kap (กาพย์, [kàːp] ), each with its specific metre and rhyming rules. The kap may have originated either from the Indic metres or from Cambodian forms. ^[4]

Kap yani

The kap yani (กาพย์ยานี, [kàːp jāː.nīː] , or yani sip et, sip et meaning eleven, referring to the number of syllables per bat) has two bat per stanza. Each has two wak, with five and six syllables. It is slow in rhythm, and usually used to describe beauty and nature. The following plan shows the rhyming scheme in two stanzas; the spaces show the usual rhythmic breaks (not shown in writing). ^[4]

OO OOA		OOA OOB
OO OOB		OOO OOC
OO OOD		OOD OOC
OO OOC		OOO OOO

Kap chabang

The kap chabang (กาพย์ฉบัง, [kàːp tɕʰa.bāŋ] , or chabang sip hok, sip hok meaning sixteen, the number of syllables per stanza) has three wak per stanza, with six syllables in the first and third, and four syllables in the second. It is often used for narratives, and often accompanies the chan. The following plan shows two stanzas. ^[4]

OOOOOA		OOOA
OOOOOB
OOOOOB		OOOB
OOOOOO

Kap surangkhanang

The kap surangkhanang yi sip paet (กาพย์สุรางคนางค์ 28, [kàːp sù.rāːŋ.kʰa.nāːŋ jîː sìp pɛ̀t] , yi sip paet means twenty-eight) has seven wak per stanza, with four syllables in each wak. A less common form is surangkhanang sam sip song (thirty-two), with eight wak per stanza. Its rhythm is fast, and is used to describe anger and fighting. The following plan shows two stanzas of surangkhanang 28. ^[4]

	OOOA			OOOA			OOOB
OOOC			OCOB			OOOB			OOOD
	OOOE			OOOE			OOOD
OOOF			OFOD			OOOD			OOOO

Klon

Main article: Klon (poetry)

In the generic sense, klon (กลอน, [klɔ̄ːn] ) originally referred to any type of poetry. In the narrow sense it refers to a more recently developed form where a stanza has four wak, each with the same number of syllables. It is usually considered an original Thai form. ^[5] The klon metres are named by the number of syllables in a wak, e.g. klon hok (กลอนหก, [klɔ̄ːn hòk] ) has six syllables per wak (hok means six). All metres have the same rhyming scheme, and there are also requirements on the tone of the final syllable of each wak. The klon is also divided into several types according to their manner of composition, with klon suphap (กลอนสุภาพ, [klɔ̄ːn sù.pʰâːp] ) being the basic form.

The following plan shows the structure of klon suphap (two stanzas) in the most common eight-syllable variety, which was employed extensively by Sunthorn Phu, and is the most common form of the Rattanakosin period. The letters in parentheses represent alternative rhyming syllables. In practice, occasional wak with seven or nine syllables are also acceptable.

OOO OO OOA		OOA O(A) OOB
OOO OO OOB		OOB O(B) OOC
OOO OO OOD		OOD O(D) OOC
OOO OO OOC		OOC O(C) OOO

Rai

The rai (ร่าย, [râːj] ) is probably the oldest Thai poetic form and was used in laws and chronicles. It is also the simplest. It consists of a continuing series of wak of unspecified number, usually with five syllables each, and with rhymes from the last syllable of a wak to the first, second or third of the next. Some variations don't specify the number of syllables per wak and are actually a form of rhymed prose. A composition consisting of rai alternating with (and ending with) khlong is known as lilit (ลิลิต, [lí.lít] ), and suggests that the khlong developed from the rai. The following is the form of rai known as rai boran (ร่ายโบราณ, [râːj bōː.rāːn] ). ^[6]

OOOA   A(A)(A)OB   B(B)(B)OC   C(C)(C)OD   D(D)(D)OE   E(E)(E)OO ...

Example

สรวมสวัสดิวิชัย เกริกกรุงไกรเกรียงยศ เกียรติปรากฏขจรขจาย สบายทั่วแหล่งหล้า ฝนฟ้าฉ่ำชุ่มชล ไพศรพณ์ผลพูนเพิ่ม เหิมใจราษฎร์บำเทิง...ประเทศสยามชื่นช้อย ทุกข์ขุกเข็ญใหญ่น้อย นาศไร้แรงเกษม โสตเทอญ

— King Chulalongkorn, the Nitra Chakrit (ลิลิตนิทราชาคริต, 1879)

Reading

When read aloud, Thai poetry may be read conventionally, or in a melodic fashion known as thamnong sano (ทำนองเสนาะ, [tʰām.nōːŋ sanɔ̀ʔ] , lit. pleasing melody). Thamnong sano has many melodic styles, and there are also other specific styles used for certain performances, such as sepha. Thamnong sano reading is often featured in student competitions, along with other forms of language-related performances.

Notes

1. In literary studies, line in western poetry is translated as bat. However, in some forms, the unit is more equivalent to wak. To avoid confusion, this article will refer to wak and bat instead of line, which may refer to either.

References

1. Low, James (1836). On Siamese Literature (PDF). pp. 162–174.
2. "โคลง Khloong". Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Thammasat University. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Reproduced form Hudak, Thomas John (1990). The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN   978-0-89680-159-2.
3. "ฉันท์ Chan". Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Thammasat University. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Reproduced form Hudak, Thomas John (1990). The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN   978-0-89680-159-2.
4. "กาพย์ Kaap". Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Thammasat University. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Reproduced form Hudak, Thomas John (1990). The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN   978-0-89680-159-2.
5. "กลอน Klon". Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Thammasat University. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Reproduced form Hudak, Thomas John (1990). The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN   978-0-89680-159-2.
6. "ร่าย Raay". Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Thammasat University. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Reproduced form Hudak, Thomas John (1990). The indigenization of Pali meters in Thai poetry. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN   978-0-89680-159-2.