Thiomargarita magnifica

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Thiomargarita magnifica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Thiotrichales
Family: Thiotrichaceae
Genus: Thiomargarita
Species:
T. magnifica
Binomial name
Thiomargarita magnifica
Volland et al., 2022 [1]

Candidatus Thiomargarita magnifica is a species of sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria, found growing underwater on the detached leaves of red mangroves from the Guadeloupe archipelago in the Lesser Antilles. [2] This filament-shaped bacteria is the largest known bacterium, with an average length of 10 mm and some individuals reaching 20 millimetres (0.79 in), [3] making the bacteria visible to the naked eye. [1]

Contents

Discovery

The bacterium was originally discovered in the early 2010s by Olivier Gros from the University of the French Antilles at Pointe-à-Pitre, but initially it did not attract much attention as Gros thought his find to be a fungus; [4] it took Gros and other researchers five years to determine that it is a bacterium, and a few more years until Jean-Marie Volland, a graduate student working under the supervision of Gros, figured out its unusual properties. [3] The bacterium was formally described in a 2022 publication. [1]

Name

Thiomargarita means "sulfur pearl" in Latin. This refers to the appearance of the cells; they contain microscopic sulfur granules that scatter incident light, lending the cell a pearly lustre. The name magnifica means "magnificent" and was chosen by researcher Silvina González Rizzo, who identified T. magnifica as a bacterium. [5]

Structure

In bacteria, both nutrients and waste products of metabolism reach the interior of the cell by diffusion, which places an upper limit on the size of these organisms. Cells of the large sulfur bacterium T. namibiensis , discovered in 1999, contain a large sac (vacuole) filled with water and nitrates, pushing most of the cytoplasm into close to the cell wall, so that the distances required for diffusion are relatively small; life processes occur only "along the edge" of the cell. Ca. T. magnifica's cell includes a similar vacuole [3] that occupies most of the cell (65–80% by volume) and pushes the cytoplasm to the periphery of the cell (the thickness of cytoplasm varies from 1.8 to 4.8 microns). [1]

The size of this bacterium and its extreme polyploidy are partially explained by its genome, which lacks many common bacterial cell division genes. [1]

The outside of the cell lacks epibiotic bacteria; their "surprising absence" can be explained by Ca. T. magnifica possibly producing biologically active or even antibiotic chemical compounds. [1]

Encapsulated DNA

Another sac or compartment within the organism contains its DNA. Researchers have named these compartments "pepins". This structure is very different from the free-floating DNA found in most other bacteria. [6] This arrangement is important, in as much as it blurs the boundary between prokaryotes, primitive single-cell organisms that do not have a cell nucleus (their DNA is left in the cytoplasm), and eukaryotes, where the DNA is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. With Ca. T. magnifica being a bacterium, it is a prokaryotic organism, but its cell includes membrane sacs that encapsulate the cell's DNA. [1]

Reproduction and life cycle

Like all prokaryotes, Ca. T. magnifica reproduces asexually. However, there are slight differences in reproduction compared to other Thiomargarita species. Instead of dividing into equally sized daughter cells, its life cycle is dimorphic. [1] Researchers observed a process of reproduction similar to budding. During this process, Ca. T. magnifica shares only some of its “pepins” with the much smaller daughter cell. It is believed that the smaller daughter cell serves as a method of dispersion; and helps it to spread over longer distances. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endomembrane system</span> Membranes in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

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<i>Thiomargarita namibiensis</i> Species of bacterium

Thiomargarita namibiensis is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, coccoid bacterium found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia. It is the second largest bacterium ever discovered, 0.1–0.3 mm (100–300 μm) in diameter on average, but sometimes attaining 0.75 mm (750 μm). Cells of Thiomargarita namibiensis are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. The previously largest known bacterium was Epulopiscium fishelsoni, at 0.5mm long. Thiomargarita magnifica, described in 2022, is larger. Thiomargarita namibiensis have large vacuoles for their chemolithotrophic metabolism. The vacuoles contribute to their gigantism, allowing them to store nutrients for asexual reproduction of their complex genome.

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References

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